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Table 1 Descriptive Statistics According to Antenatal Corticosteroid (Betamethasone) Exposure, Stratified by Singleton and Twin Gestationsa

From: Late preterm antenatal corticosteroids in singleton and twin gestations: a retrospective cohort study

 

Total mother–child pairs

Singleton pairs

Twin pairs

 

Unexposed group

Betamethasone group

p

Unexposed group

Betamethasone group

p

Unexposed group

Betamethasone group

p

n

3596

745

 

2678

631

 

918

114

 

Neonatal outcomes

Respiratory complications (%)

395 (11.0)

98 (13.2)

0.102

281 (10.5)

87 (13.8)

0.022

114 (12.4)

11 (9.6)

0.482

Hypoglycemia (%)

621 (17.3)

154 (20.7)

0.031

444 (16.6)

130 (20.6)

0.019

177 (19.3)

24 (21.1)

0.745

Maternal Characteristics

Age at delivery (mean (SD))

33.18 (6.16)

32.63 (6.11)

0.029

32.67 (6.08)

32.55 (6.13)

0.655

34.65 (6.15)

33.11 (6.03)

0.011

Race/ethnicity (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

 African-American

413 (11.5)

121 (16.2)

 

345 (12.9)

101 (16.0)

 

68 (7.4)

20 (17.5)

 

 Asian

261 (7.3)

53 (7.1)

 

187 (7.0)

45 (7.1)

 

74 (8.1)

8 (7.0)

 

 Caucasian/White

2089 (58.1)

339 (45.5)

 

1451 (54.2)

279 (44.2)

 

638 (69.5)

60 (52.6)

 

 Hispanic/Latino

558 (15.5)

160 (21.5)

 

484 (18.1)

144 (22.8)

 

74 (8.1)

16 (14.0)

 

 Other

231 (6.4)

60 (8.1)

 

187 (7.0)

50 (7.9)

 

44 (4.8)

10 (8.8)

 

 Unknown

44 (1.2)

12 (1.6)

 

24 (0.9)

12 (1.9)

 

20 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

 

Private insurance (%)

2570 (71.5)

458 (61.5)

 < 0.001

1770 (66.1)

380 (60.2)

0.006

800 (87.1)

78 (68.4)

 < 0.001

BMI at delivery (mean (SD))

29.99 (5.90)

30.14 (5.94)

0.546

29.84 (6.21)

30.01 (6.07)

0.535

30.45 (4.85)

30.85 (5.07)

0.403

Gestational age (weeks) (mean (SD))

36.55 (0.68)

36.31 (0.72)

 < 0.001

36.63 (0.63)

36.35 (0.70)

 < 0.001

36.34 (0.77)

36.05 (0.79)

 < 0.001

Cesarean delivery (%)

2031 (56.5)

439 (58.9)

0.235

1261 (47.1)

345 (54.7)

0.001

770 (83.9)

94 (82.5)

0.8

Preeclampsia (%)

169 (4.7)

31 (4.2)

0.588

123 (4.6)

23 (3.6)

0.35

46 (5.0)

8 (7.0)

0.494

GDM medication (%)

733 (20.4)

185 (24.8)

0.008

639 (23.9)

163 (25.8)

0.323

94 (10.2)

22 (19.3)

0.006

Gestational Weeks (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

 34

393 (10.9)

116 (15.6)

 

221 (8.3)

84 (13.3)

 

172 (18.7)

32 (28.1)

 

 35

817 (22.7)

284 (38.1)

 

555 (20.7)

240 (38.0)

 

262 (28.5)

44 (38.6)

 

 36

2386 (66.4)

345 (46.3)

 

1902 (71.0)

307 (48.7)

 

484 (52.7)

38 (33.3)

 

Neonate covariates

Birth weight (mean (SD))

2.57 (0.43)

2.49 (0.40)

 < 0.001

2.67 (0.41)

2.54 (0.40)

 < 0.001

2.27 (0.33)

2.22 (0.30)

0.133

bBirth weight below 10th percentile

304 (8.5)

97 (13.0)

 < 0.001

143 (5.3)

70 (11.1)

 < 0.001

161 (17.5)

27 (23.7)

0.14

cBirth weight below 3rd percentile

132 (3.7)

21 (2.8)

0.29

53 (2.0)

12 (1.9)

1.00

79 (8.6)

9 (7.9)

0.937

Newborn sex = Male (%)

1903 (52.9)

396 (53.2)

0.939

1426 (53.2)

339 (53.7)

0.864

477 (52.0)

57 (50.0)

0.767

Private insurance (%)

2488 (69.2)

434 (58.3)

 < 0.001

1714 (64.0)

360 (57.1)

0.001

774 (84.3)

74 (64.9)

 < 0.001

Apgar score (mean (SD))

8.94 (0.34)

8.88 (0.48)

 < 0.001

8.94 (0.36)

8.88 (0.48)

0.001

8.94 (0.29)

8.88 (0.42)

0.045

Apgar < 7 (%)

13 (0.4)

6 (0.8)

0.172

13 (0.5)

5 (0.8)

0.521

0 (0.0)

1 (0.9)

0.214

NICU admission (%)

455 (12.7)

148 (19.9)

 < 0.001

302 (11.3)

122 (19.3)

 < 0.001

153 (16.7)

26 (22.8)

0.133

Year of delivery (%)

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

  

 < 0.001

 2012

556 (15.5)

12 (1.6)

 

410 (15.3)

8 (1.3)

 

146 (15.9)

4 (3.5)

 

 2013

587 (16.3)

19 (2.6)

 

427 (15.9)

15 (2.4)

 

160 (17.4)

4 (3.5)

 

 2014

618 (17.2)

22 (3.0)

 

460 (17.2)

16 (2.5)

 

158 (17.2)

6 (5.3)

 

 2015

640 (17.8)

20 (2.7)

 

478 (17.8)

20 (3.2)

 

162 (17.6)

0 (0.0)

 

 2016

475 (13.2)

200 (26.8)

 

351 (13.1)

164 (26.0)

 

124 (13.5)

36 (31.6)

 

 2017

508 (14.1)

237 (31.8)

 

406 (15.2)

199 (31.5)

 

102 (11.1)

38 (33.3)

 

 2018

212 (5.9)

235 (31.5)

 

146 (5.5)

209 (33.1)

 

66 (7.2)

26 (22.8)

 
  1. aWe summarized the categorical variables with counts (percentage) and the continuous variables with mean (standard deviation (SD)) and compared the difference of covariates between groups either by exposure status or outcome status using chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables
  2. b,cProportions were calculated based on a 2017 US Reference for Birth Weight Percentiles by Aris et al. 2019 [37]