The human right to safely give birth: data from 193 countries show that gender equality does affect maternal mortality

Table 1 Details of all variables used for analysis to backfill missing data

No.	Variables^a	Missing data (n = 193) (%)	Variable name used in SEM^b	Missing data after backfilling (%)
1	Literacy rate	21.76	NA
2	Main variable: Primary education attainment	29.53	Primary education attainment	2.07
	Proxy variables: Secondary enrolment—gross	5.18
	Secondary enrolment—net	11.92
	Progression to secondary school	16.58
3	Main variable: Post-secondary education attainment	25.91	Secondary education attainment	6.22
	Proxy variables: Upper secondary education attainment	25.39
	Lower secondary education completion	25.91
	Tertiary school enrolment—gross	10.36
	Education attainment—short tertiary	25.39
4	Main variable: Education attainment—short tertiary	25.39	Tertiary education attainment	23.83
	Proxy variables: Education attainment—bachelor’s	49.74
	Education attainment—master’s	54.40
	Education attainment—doctoral	62.18
5	Main variable: Firms with female ownership	25.39	Leadership participation	12.44
	Proxy variables: Households with a female head	62.69
	Firms with a female in senior or middle management	50.26
	Firms with females at top management	34.20
6	Main variable: Child marriage	41.28	Child marriage	22.15
	Proxy variables: Married before 18 years of age	36.27
	Married before 15 years of age	36.27
7	Wage and salaried workers	8.29	NA	8.29
8	Female employers	8.29	NA	8.29
9	Vulnerable employment	8.29	NA	8.29
10	Female representation in parliament	0.52	NA	0.52
11	Intimate partner violence	44.04	NA	44.04
12	Maternal mortality rate	6.74	NA	6.74

^a Variables used to backfill missing data; ^b The variable name used in the structural equation model (SEM) after backfilling data from proxy variables; NA = Not applicable

ISSN: 1471-2393