Table 4 Univariable analysis of the GDM and the normal groups among the extended population

Age (year)

30.0 (28.0–33.0)

29.0 (27.0–31.0)

 < 0.001

Nulliparous, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

432 (67.8)

466 (55.2)

 Yes

205 (32.2)

378 (44.8)

History of GDM, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

573 (90.0)

833 (98.7)

 Yes

64 (10.0)

11 (1.3)

History of macrosomia, n (%)

0.005

 No

619 (97.2)

837 (99.2)

 Yes

18 (2.8)

7 (0.8)

History of abnormal pregnancy, n (%)

0.182

 No

609 (95.6)

818 (96.9)

 Yes

28 (4.4)

26 (3.1)

Family history of DM, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

615 (96.5)

841 (99.6)

 Yes

22 (3.5)

3 (0.4)

PCOS, n (%)

0.003

 No

619 (97.2)

838 (99.3)

 Yes

18 (2.8)

6 (0.7)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

21.2 (19.4–23.7)

20.1 (18.6–39.1)

 < 0.001

WBC (10⁹/L)

9.4 (8.0–10.9)

8.8 (7.6–10.1)

 < 0.001

NEUT (%)

72.7 (68.5–76.7)

72.9 (68.7–76.4)

0.997

RBC (10¹²/L)

4.1 (3.8–4.3)

4.0 (3.7–4.3)

0.001

HGB (g/L)

122.0 (116.0–128.4)

121.8 (113.6–127.0)

0.005

HCT (%)

36.5 (34.5–38.3)

35.8 (33.6–37.8)

 < 0.001

PLT (10⁹/L)

239.0 (205.6–276.1)

233.5 (199.9–268.0)

0.004

MPV (fL)

9.4 (8.5–10.2)

9.0 (8.1–9.9)

 < 0.001

ALT (U/L)

13.0 (9.9–20.0)

12.0 (9.0–18.0)

0.003

AST (U/L)

16.0 (13.6–20.0)

16.0 (14.0–20.0)

0.621

Cr (μmol/L)

46.0 (41.4–51.0)

47.1 (42.0– 55.0)

 < 0.001

Uric acid (μmol/L)

241.0 (207.7–241.0)

235.3 (201.5–269.0)

0.008

FBG (mmol/L)

4.6 (4.3–5.0)

4.5 (4.2–4.8)

 < 0.001

PT (s)

12.2 (10.8–12.7)

12.4 (11.1–12.9)

 < 0.001

APTT (s)

31.8 (28.6–34.3)

33.2 (29.6–35.2)

 < 0.001

FIB (mg/dL)

4.2 (3.8–4.6)

4.1 (3.6–4.5)

 < 0.001

PAPP-A (MoM)

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

 < 0.001