Outcomes | Total (N = 1800) | < 1 course (n = 716): (1) | 1 course (n = 916): (2) | > 1 course (n = 168): (3) | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for < 1 course | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for > 1 course |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neonatal | |||||||
APGAR score < 7 (1 min) | 301 (16.7%) | 104 (14.5%) | 157 (17.1%) | 40 (23.8%) | 0.013ab | 0.832 (0.634–1.093) | 1.441 (0.967–2.148) |
APGAR score < 7 (5 min) | 85 (4.7%) | 34 (4.7%) | 39 (4.3%) | 12 (7.1%) | 0.269 | 1.144 (0.713–1.836) | 1.756 (0.895–3.444) |
Post-natal adaptation | 83 (4.6%) | 27 (3.8%) | 48 (5.2%) | 8 (4.8%) | 0.371 | 0.730 (0.450–1.185) | 0.923 (0.427–1.996) |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 48 (2.7%) | 19 (2.7%) | 23 (2.5%) | 6 (3.6%) | 0.735 | 1.024 (0.547–1.917) | 1.397 (0.556–3.513) |
Pneumonia | 61 (3.4%) | 18 (2.5%) | 32 (3.5%) | 11 (6.5%) | 0.033b | 0.724 (0.402–1.304) | 2.056 (1.008–4.192) |
Pneumothorax | 39 (2.2%) | 11 (1.5%) | 25 (2.7%) | 3 (1.8%) | 0.244 | 0.555 (0.270–1.140) | 0.695 (0.207–2.340) |
Intraventricular haemorrhage | 78 (4.3%) | 29 (4.1%) | 35 (3.8%) | 14 (8.3%) | 0.027a | 1.047 (0.629–1.741) | 2.215 (1.159–4.233) |
Necrotising enterocolitis | 62 (3.4%) | 18 (2.5%) | 37 (4.0%) | 7 (4.2%) | 0.212 | 0.652 (0.366–1.162) | 0.988 (0.429–2.276) |
Neonatal death | 44 (2.4%) | 17 (2.4%) | 20 (2.2%) | 7 (4.2%) | 0.306 | 1.043 (0.538–2.019) | 2.024 (0.832–4.923) |
Sepsis | 175 (9.7%) | 58 (8.1%) | 90 (9.8%) | 27 (16.1%) | 0.007ab | 0.812 (0.574–1.150) | 1.737 (1.086–2.777) |
Hypothermia | 52 (2.9%) | 22 (3.1%) | 23 (2.5%) | 7 (4.2%) | 0.465 | 1.284 (0.708–2.330) | 1.648 (0.691–3.932) |
Phototherapy | 1054 (58.6%) | 398 (55.6%) | 532 (58.1%) | 124 (73.8%) | < 0.001ab | 0.925 (0.758–1.130) | 1.997 (1.378–2.895) |
Transient tachypnoea of the newborn | 424 (23.6%) | 156 (21.8%) | 210 (22.9%) | 58 (34.5%) | 0.002ab | 0.930 (0.734–1.178) | 1.801 (1.261–2.571) |
Ventilator support | 238 (13.2%) | 103 (14.4%) | 103 (11.2%) | 32 (19.0%) | 0.011a | 1.306 (0.973–1.754) | 1.843 (1.187–2.861) |
Continuous positive airway pressure | 404 (22.4%) | 138 (19.3%) | 214 (23.4%) | 52 (31.0%) | 0.003ab | 0.786 (0.617–1.002) | 1.443 (1.003–2.075) |
Positive pressure ventilation | 235 (13.1%) | 95 (13.3%) | 107 (11.7%) | 33 (19.6%) | 0.019a | 1.185 (0.880–1.596) | 1.831 (1.185–2.829) |
Intermediate care unit admission | 1258 (69.9%) | 518 (72.3%) | 648 (70.7%) | 92 (54.8%) | < 0.001ab | 1.076 (0.864–1.339) | 0.516 (0.368–0.725) |
Neonatal intensive care unit admission | 411 (22.8%) | 150 (20.9%) | 203 (22.2%) | 58 (34.5%) | 0.001ab | 0.947 (0.745–1.204) | 1.822 (1.275–2.604) |
Respiratory distress syndrome | 95 (5.3%) | 42 (5.9%) | 40 (4.4%) | 13 (7.7%) | 0.132 | 1.347 (0.861–2.106) | 1.751 (0.910–3.366) |
Persistent tachypnoea of the newborn | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.469 | – | – |
Length of hospital stay (days) | 7 (1–179) | 6 (1–179) | 7 (1–179) | 14 (1–179) | < 0.001abc | – | – |
Mean neonatal weight (grams) | 2208.5 ± 559.9 | 2305.5 ± 571.2 | 2181.7 ± 544.6 | 1942.4 ± 489.5 | < 0.001abc | – | – |
Maternal | |||||||
Gestational age at delivery (weeks of gestation) | 34.4 ± 2.1 | 34.7 ± 2.0 | 34.4 ± 2.1 | 33.4 ± 2.0 | < 0.001abc | – | – |
Underlying disease | |||||||
Diabetes mellitus (DM) | 29 (1.6%) | 11 (1.5%) | 15 (1.6%) | 3 (1.8%) | 0.970 | 0.937 (0.428–2.053) | 1.092 (0.313–3.814) |
Hypertension | 107 (5.9%) | 37 (5.2%) | 50 (5.5%) | 20 (11.9%) | 0.003ab | 0.944 (0.610–1.461) | 2.341 (1.354–4.045) |
Others | 173 (9.6%) | 60 (8.4%) | 90 (9.8%) | 23 (13.7%) | 0.105 | 0.839 (0.596–1.182) | 1.456 (0.891–2.378) |
Length of hospital stay | 6 (2–143) | 4.5 (2–31) | 7 (2–57) | 14.5 (2–143) | < 0.001abc | – | – |
Puerperal infection | 13 (0.7%) | 5 (0.7%) | 6 (0.7%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.749 | 1.067 (0.324–3.509) | 1.827 (0.366–9.131) |
Referral to other centres | 36 (2.0%) | 9 (1.3%) | 20 (2.2%) | 7 (4.2%) | 0.045b | 0.570 (0.258–1.260) | 1.948 (0.810–4.682) |