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Table 1 Foetal and maternal characteristics of stillborn singletons, 24–43 weeks of gestation, in the United States, 2014

From: Antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth rates across gestation: a cross-sectional study using the revised foetal death reporting system in the U.S.

 

Antepartum deaths

N = 6200

Intrapartum deaths

N = 453

Not living during labour, no initial assessment a

N = 1061

Unknown timing

N = 4342

Characteristics

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Male sex

3236

52.2

235

51.9

549

51.7

2753

51.0

Age at delivery (years)

 <  20

434

7.0

40

8.8

89

8.4

344

7.9

 20–24

1431

23.1

112

24.7

270

25.5

1045

24.1

 25–34

3173

51.2

220

48.6

538

50.7

2162

49.8

 ≥ 35

1162

18.7

81

17.9

164

15.5

791

18.2

Maternal educational attainment

 < High school diploma

1120

18.1

75

16.6

224

21.1

751

17.3

 High school diploma/GED

1819

29.3

140

30.9

332

31.3

1310

30.2

 Some college/Associate’s degree

1541

24.9

127

28.0

249

23.5

1019

23.5

 ≥ Bachelor’s degree

1198

19.3

74

16.3

169

15.9

714

16.4

 Unknown

522

8.4

37

8.2

87

8.2

548

12.6

Parity b

 Primipara

2251

36.3

196

43.3

392

37.0

1635

37.7

 Multipara

3796

61.2

241

53.2

649

61.2

2496

57.5

 Unknown

153

2.5

16

3.5

20

1.9

211

4.9

Timing of first prenatal care visit

 First trimester

4021

64.9

281

62.0

583

55.0

2521

58.1

 After first trimester

1303

21.0

99

21.9

244

23.0

860

19.8

 No care

325

5.2

25

5.5

116

10.9

304

7.0

 Unknown

551

8.9

48

10.6

118

11.1

657

15.1

Maternal smoking c

 Yes

682

11.0

53

11.7

132

12.4

477

11.0

 No

4787

77.2

346

76.4

789

74.4

3147

72.5

 Unknown

731

11.8

54

11.9

140

13.2

718

16.5

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) d

 Underweight

151

2.4

17

3.8

27

2.5

121

2.8

 Normal

2028

32.7

143

31.6

385

36.3

1317

30.3

 Overweight

1474

23.8

107

23.6

227

21.4

972

22.4

 Obese class I

959

15.5

68

15.0

149

14.0

638

14.7

 Obese class II

528

8.5

34

7.5

75

7.1

342

7.9

 Obese class III

418

6.7

27

6.0

57

5.4

294

6.8

 Unknown

642

10.4

57

12.6

141

13.3

658

15.2

Maternal race e

 White

2938

47.4

233

51.4

498

46.9

1923

44.3

 Black

1626

26.2

95

21.0

300

28.3

1198

27.6

 American Indian/Alaska Native

80

1.3

10

2.2

13

1.2

54

1.2

 Asian/Pacific Islander

321

5.2

21

4.6

44

4.2

247

5.7

 Hispanic

1235

19.9

94

20.8

206

19.4

920

21.2

Pre-pregnancy diabetes

 Yes

298

4.8

21

4.6

27

2.5

167

3.9

 No

5722

92.3

42

92.7

992

93.5

3800

88.7

 Unknown

180

2.9

12

2.6

42

3.9

318

7.4

Gestational diabetes

 Yes

404

6.5

21

4.6

43

4.1

209

4.9

 No

5616

90.6

420

92.7

976

91.9

3758

87.7

 Unknown

180

2.9

12

2.7

42

3.9

318

7.4

Pre-pregnancy hypertension

 Yes

337

5.4

21

4.6

48

4.5

201

4.7

 No

5683

91.7

420

92.7

971

91.5

3766

87.9

 Unknown

180

2.9

12

2.7

42

3.9

318

7.4

Gestational hypertension

 Yes

453

7.3

48

10.6

72

6.8

275

6.5

 No

5567

89.8

393

86.8

947

89.3

3692

86.2

 Unknown

180

2.9

12

2.7

42

3.9

318

7.4

Eclampsia

 Yes

49

0.8

5

1.1

5

0.5

34

0.8

 No

5971

96.3

436

96.3

1014

95.6

2933

91.8

 Unknown

180

2.9

12

2.7

42

3.9

318

7.4

Delivery Place

 In hospital

6109

98.5

442

97.6

1044

98.4

4197

96.7

 Out of hospital

83

1.3

10

2.2

17

1.6

141

3.3

 Unknown

8

0.2

1

0.2

0

0

4

0.1

Attendant

 Doctor of Medicine

5367

86.6

399

88.1

891

83.9

3713

85.5

 Doctor of Osteopathy

464

7.5

28

6.2

92

8.7

299

6.9

 Certified Nurse Midwife/Other

264

4.3

17

3.8

62

5.8

238

5.5

 Unknown

105

1.7

9

2

16

1.5

92

2.1

  1. Foetal deaths (data source: public use data file) of U.S. residents in New York City, the District of Columbia and the 41 states (see eTable 1)
  2. aFoetus not living during labour and no initial assessment was performed (possible intrapartum or antepartum death). bIncludes prior live births, now living or dead. cMaternal tobacco use at any time during pregnancy. dUnderweight (< 18.5), Normal (18.5–24.9), Overweight (25–29.9), Obese class I (30–34.9), Obese class II (35–39.9), Obese class III (≥40). e Individuals for whom Hispanic ethnicity was unknown were assumed to be non-Hispanic; white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian/Pacific Islander are non-Hispanic