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Table 4 Multivariate regression models of risk factors associated with incidence of sepsis among pregnant women

From: Incidence and determinants of maternal sepsis in Ghana in the midst of a pandemic

 

Cox-proportional hazard model

Model 3

Model 4

variables & categories

aHR [95% CI]

aHR [95% CI]

Age at booking

0.98 [0.92, 1.04]

0.97 [0.91, 1.04]

Gravidity

 1 pregnancy

1.00

1.00

 2–3 pregnancies

0.92 [0.48, 1.76]

0.75 [0.22, 2.55]

  > 3 pregnancies

0.52 [0.21, 1.30]

0.12 [0.02, 0.95] *

Parity

 No child

 

0.18 [0.02, 1.37]

 1–2 children

 

0.20 [0.03, 1.11]

  > 2 children

 

1.00

Marital status

 Not married

 

1.00

 Married

 

0.79 [0.34, 1.86]

Highest education

 Primary

 

1.00

 JHS

 

1.44 [0.54, 3.84]

 SHS

 

1.05 [0.41, 2.70]

 Tertiary

 

1.36 [0.53, 3.48]

Religion

 Christians

1.00

1.00

 Islam/others

1.12 [0.58, 2.18]

1.16 [0.56, 2.37]

BMI category

  < 18.5kgm2

1.00

1.00

 18.5 to 24.9kgm2

0.91 [0.25, 3.35]

0.87 [0.21, 3.57]

 25.0 to 29.9kgm2

1.90 [0.49, 7.44]

2.42 [0.55, 10.54]

 30.0 to 34.9kgm2

1.27 [0.29, 5.56]

1.18 [0.24, 5.75]

Main occupation

 Unemployed

 

1.00

 Employed

 

1.69 [0.70, 4.11]

Number of ANC visits

  < 4 visits

 

1.00

 4 to 7 visits

 

0.88 [0.42, 1.86]

 8 + visits

 

3.49 [1.28, 9.51] *

Type of health facility

 Regional hospital

1.00

1.00

 District hospital

0.47 [0.21, 1.02]

0.43 [0.18, 1.01]

Availability of specialist in facility

 Specialist available

1.00

1.00

 No specialist available

8.37 [0.78, 89.91]

7.57 [0.65, 87.62]

Region

 Bono

1.00

1.00

 Greater Accra

4.63 [0.55, 38.75]

5.65 [0.65, 48.98]

 Upper West

2.64 [0.85, 8.25]

3.20 [0.94, 10.86]

Mode of delivery

 SVD

 

1.00

 CS

 

0.84 [0.40, 1.77]

Birth attendant

 Obstetrician/Physician

 

1.00

 Midwife/Nurse

 

1.14 [0.55, 2.36]

 Others (TBA/family member)

 

6.35 [0.52, 78.18]

Clinical diagnosis of infection

 Mastitis

1.14 [0.39, 3.29]

1.48 [0.50, 4.38]

 CS wound infection

2.34 [0.71, 7.72]

3.77 [0.92, 15.54]

 Urinary tract infection

4.19 [1.68, 10.47] **

4.38 [1.58, 12.18] **

 malaria

1.54 [0.60, 3.93]

1.38 [0.49, 3.88]

 Other infection

4.24 [1.13, 15.89] *

10.55 [2.33, 47.81] **

Symptoms 14 days prior to diagnosis

 Abdominal pain excluding contractions

2.58 [1.05, 6.33] *

1.48 [0.49, 4.40]

 Abnormal vagina discharge

0.55 [0.24, 1.24]

0.64 [0.26, 1.56]

 Sore throat /cough

 

0.52 [0.14, 1.97]

 Chest pain

0.80 [0.30, 2.11]

1.14 [0.35, 3.64]

 Dysuria

0.26 [0.09, 0.75] *

0.22 [0.07, 0.71] *

 Vomiting/ diarrhoea

 

0.24 [0.08, 0.77] *

 Flu-like symptoms

 

0.67 [0.20, 2.28]

Number of different symptoms 14 days prior to study

 None

1.00

1.00

 One

5.93 [2.59, 13.58] ***

6.06 [2.42, 15.21] ***

 Two or more

8.54 [2.98, 24.42] ***

17.00 [4.19, 69.00] ***

  1. NOTE:
  2. Model 1: all variables significant from the unadjusted incidence rate ratios
  3. Model 2: All independent variables in the study
  4. CI Confidence interval, aRR Adjusted risk ratio, aHR Adjusted hazard ratio
  5. P-value definition: p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, P < 0.001***
  6. Other infections refers to bacterial infections including syphilis, gastritis