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Table 2 Incidence and incidence rate ratio of maternal sepsis by background characteristics of study participants, Ghana, 2022

From: Incidence and determinants of maternal sepsis in Ghana in the midst of a pandemic

 

Total person, time in weeks

Number of incidences

Incidence rate per week per 1000 women

Unadjusted Poisson regression model

IRR [95% CI]

P-value

Overall

40,832.4

62

1.52 [1.20–1.96]

  

Age at booking (years)

    

0.234

  < 20

2042.4

3

1.47 [0.47–6.92]

1.00

 

 20—35

33,000.3

55

1.67 [1.29–2.18]

1.13 [0.35–3.63]

 

  > 35

5789.7

4

0.69 [0.26–2.45]

0.47 [0.11–2.10]

 

Marital status

    

0.350

 Not married

7844.0

9

1.15 [0.61–2.41]

1.00

 

 Married

32,988.4

53

1.61 [1.24–2.12]

1.40 [0.69–2.84]

 

Highest education

    

0.862

 None/Primary

7650.4

13

1.70 [1.02–3.07]

1.00

 

 JHS

12,351.4

16

1.30 [0.81–2.20]

0.76 [0.37–1.58]

 

 SHS

10,109.7

17

1.68 [1.07–2.80]

0.99 [0.48–2.04]

 

 Tertiary

10,720.9

16

1.49 [0.94–2.53]

0.88 [0.42–1.83]

 

Religion

    

 < 0.001***

 Christians

32,371.0

35

1.08 [0.79–1.53]

1.00

 

 Islam/others

8461.4

27

3.19 [2.25–4.69]

2.95 [1.79–4.88] ***

 

Main occupation

    

0.439

 Unemployed

5483.0

11

2.01 [1.15–3.83]

1.00

 

 Formal sector

6467.7

7

1.08 [0.53–2.57]

0.54 [0.21–1.39]

 

 Informal sector

28,881.7

44

1.52 [1.15–2.07]

0.76 [0.39–1.47]

 

BMI category

    

0.133

  < 18.5kgm2

1103.1

4

3.63 [1.46–11.81]

1.00

 

 18.5 to 24.9kgm−2

14,814.7

24

1.62 [1.11–2.47]

0.45 [0.16–1.29]

 

 25.0 to 29.9kgm−2

14,247.6

24

1.68 [1.15–2.57]

0.46 [0.16–1.34]

 

  > 29.9kgm−2

10,667.0

10

0.94 [0.52–1.88]

0.26 [0.08–0.82] *

 

Gravidity

    

0.004**

 1 pregnancy

10,385.4

27

2.60 [1.83–3.84]

1.00

 

 2–3 pregnancies

18,704.0

25

1.34 [0.92–2.02]

0.51 [0.30–0.89] *

 

  > 3 pregnancies

11,719.1

10

0.85 [0.47–1.71]

0.33 [0.16–0.68] **

 

Parity

    

0.152

 No child

14,400.6

29

2.01 [1.43–2.94]

1.00

 

 1–2 children

19,549.0

23

1.18 [0.80–1.82]

0.58 [0.34–1.01]

 

  > 2 children

6882.9

10

1.45 [0.81–2.90]

0.72 [0.35–1.48]

 

Number of ANC visits

    

0.354

  < 4 visits

10,370.7

12

1.16 [0.67–2.16]

1.00

 

 4 to 7 visits

25,799.0

40

1.55 [1.15–2.13]

1.34 [0.70–2.55]

 

 8 + visits

4662.7

10

2.14 [1.19–4.26]

1.85 [0.80–4.29]

 

Type of health facility

    

0.001**

 Regional hospital

20,435.4

44

2.15 [1.63–2.91]

1.00

 

 District hospital

20,397.0

18

0.88 [0.57–1.45]

0.41 [0.24–0.71] **

 

Availability of specialist in facility

    

 < 0.001***

 Specialist available

22,821.3

12

0.53 [0.31–0.99]

1.00

 

 No specialist available

18,011.1

50

2.78 [2.14–3.67]

5.28 [2.81–9.91] ***

 

Region

    

 < 0.001***

 Bono

12,840.7

6

0.47 [0.21–1.22]

1.00

 

 Greater Accra

16,232.4

11

0.68 [0.38–1.31]

1.45 [0.54–3.92]

 

 Upper West

11,759.3

45

3.83 [2.92–5.12]

8.19 [3.49–19.20] ***

 

Mode of delivery

    

0.669

 SVD

27,293.4

43

1.58 [1.18–2.14]

1.00

 

 CS

12,884.4

18

1.40 [0.90–2.29]

0.89 [0.51–1.54]

 

Birth attendant

    

0.794

 Obstetrician/Physician

12,208.7

18

1.47 [0.95–2.42]

1.00

 

 Midwife/Nurse

27,903.1

43

1.54 [1.16–2.10]

1.05 [0.60–1.81]

 

Others (TBA/family member)

337.7

1

2.96 [.-.]

2.01 [0.27–15.04]