Table 2 Multilevel Analysis of Odd Ratios on the effect of Individual, Household and Community level factors in influencing the timing of ANC Utilization in Uganda, UDHS 2016
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Empty Model | Individual level | Community level | Individual/Community level | |
Odd Ratio (95% CI) | Odd Ratio (95% CI) | Odd Ratio (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES | ||||
Age at last birth | ||||
< =19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
20–29 | 1.18 (0. .97–1.44) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | ||
30–39 | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | + 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | ||
40+ | 1.05 (0.70–1.41) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Married | 1.13* (1.01–1.70) | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | ||
Living together | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | ||
Previous married | 1.41* (1.05–1.89) | 1.35 (0.99–1.83) | ||
Parity | ||||
1 | 1 | 1.00 | ||
2–3 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.89 (0.75–1.07) | ||
4+ | 0.78* (0.63–0.96) | 0.74* (0.60–0.92) | ||
Family Size | ||||
< =4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
5–6 | 0. .94 (0.78–1.11) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | ||
7+ | 0.87 (0.63–0.96) | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | ||
Level of Education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | |||
Primary | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | |||
Secondary or Higher | 1.001 (0.80–1.26) | |||
Religion | ||||
Anglican | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Catholic | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | ||
Muslim | 0.84 (0.68–1.05) | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | ||
Other’s | 0.97 (0.79–1.13) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | ||
Employment Status | ||||
Unemployed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Employed | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.17 (0.99–1.37) | ||
COMMUNITY VARIABLES | ||||
Community Distance to Health Facility | ||||
Inaccessible | 1.00 | 1 | ||
Accessible | 1.35**(1.04–1.75) | 1.36*(1.04–1.77) | ||
Community Ethnicity Diversity Index | ||||
Less Diverse | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
More Diverse | 0.15***(0.11–0.22) | 0.15***(0.11–0.22) | ||
Community Media Saturation | ||||
Less Saturated | 1.00 | |||
Saturated | 0.89 (0.71–1.13) | |||
Random effect results: | ||||
PSU Variance (95% CI) | 0.757(0.62–.93) | 0.734(0.60–0.90) | 0.987(0.793–1.229) | 0.965(0.78–1.20) |
ICC | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
Wild chi-square and p-value | Ref | χ2 = 37.73, p < 0.003 | χ2 = 116.70, p < 0.000 | χ2 = 159.31, p < 0.000 |
Model fitness: | ||||
Log-likelihood | −2,041,788.8 | −2,031,440.7 | −1,894,570.9 | −1,885,488 |
AIC | 4,083,582 | 4,062,917 | 3,789,152 | 3,771,012 |
PSU | 649 | 649 | 649 | 649 |
N | 9443 | 9443 | 9298 | 9298 |