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Table 1 Basic characteristics and neonatal outcomes of fetuses with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and control group

From: Frontal lobe development in fetuses with growth restriction by using ultrasound: a case–control study

Variables

Control group (N = 352)

FGR group (N = 88)

P value

Basic characteristics

 Gestational age at examination (weeks)

33 (23+1 ~ 40+2)

33+1 (23+4 ~ 40+1)

0.917

 Maternal age (years)

31 (22 ~ 40)

31 (23 ~ 41)

0.590

 Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2)

20.2 (15.4 ~ 28.2)

20.3(16.6 ~ 27.4)

0.272

 Cigarette smoking in pregnancy

0 (0%)

1 (1.14%)

-

 Maternal disease

0 (0%)

21 (23.9%)

 < 0.001

 Nulliparous

233 (66.2%)

61 (69.3%)

0.578

Ultrasound examination

 mUtA

0.70 (0.35 ~ 1.83)

0.89 (0.40 ~ 1.79)

0.525

 Cephalic presentation

275 (78.1%)

74 (84.1%)

0.216

 EFWp

52.5% (99 ~ 12.2%)

3% (8.1 ~  < 1%)

 < 0.001

 UmA-PI

1.01 (0.53 ~ 1.46)

1.71 (0.68 ~ 1.81)

0.006

 MCA-PI

1.97 (0.93 ~ 3.98)

1.68 (0.93 ~ 2.57)

0.004

Delivery and neonate

 Gestational age at birth (weeks)

39+1 (37 ~ 41)

37 (27+1 ~ 40+4)

 < 0.001

 Cesarean at delivery

127 (36.1%)

44 (50.0%)

0.017

 Birth weight (g)

3240 (2500 ~ 3950)

2300 (780 ~ 2880)

 < 0.001

 Birth weight Z-score

0.38 (-1.19 ~ 1.99)

-2.15 (-5.16 ~ -1.34)

 < 0.001

 Neonatal head circumference (cm)

34 (32 ~ 36)

32 (24 ~ 34)

 < 0.001

 Neonatal head circumference Z-score

0.85 (-0.99 ~ 3.75)

-0.34 (-3.88 ~ 0.98)

 < 0.001

 Male

201 (57.1%)

57 (64.8%)

0.191

 5-min Apgar score ≤ 7

14 (4.0%)

11 (12.5%)

0.002

 Lower umbilical artery PH (≤ 7.20)

9 (3.2%) a

18 (20.5%) a

 < 0.001

 Length of hospitalization (days)

3 (2 ~ 12)

6 (2 ~ 66)

0.006

 Neonatal complications

14 (4.0%)

11 (12.5%)

0.002

  1. Data are presented as n (%) or median (range)
  2. PI Pulsatility index, mUtA Mean PI of uterine artery, EFWp Percentiles of EFW, UmA Umbilical artery, MCA Middle cerebral artery
  3. a Umbilical artery PH was obtained from 283 appropriately grown fetuses and 68 fetuses with FGR. Maternal disease includes gestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and autoimmune diseases