Subscale | Items | Mean | SD | Total Mean ± SD | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrapersonal barriers | Intrapersonal barriers related to pregnancy | I cannot be physically active because of drowsiness. | 3.04 | 1.35 | 29.47 ± 8.64 55.76 ± 20.58a | 11 | 49 |
I cannot be physically active because of lethargy/lack of energy. | 2.50 | 1.30 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because I do not have exercise habits. | 2.84 | 1.30 | |||||
Pregnancy is a time for rest | 3.52 | 1.46 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because of the heavy feeling of pregnancy (swelling and/or weight). | 3.53 | 1.49 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because of my abdominal size and appearance. | 2.59 | 1.35 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because of pain (such as back pain, hip pain, and/or headache). | 2.70 | 1.33 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because of shortness of breath. | 2.61 | 1.38 | |||||
I am concerned by possible pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and premature labor. | 3.13 | 1.47 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because of pregnancy gastrointestinal problems (such as nausea, vomiting, and heart burn). | 3.04 | 1.36 | |||||
Intrapersonal barriers non-related to pregnancy | Physical activity is too hard work for me. | 2.74 | 1.28 | 15.52 ± 4.15 51.40 ± 23.73a | 5 | 25 | |
I do not do physical activity because of a lack of confidence in my physical ability. | 2.66 | 1.30 | |||||
I do not have the patience to do physical activity. | 3.39 | 1.32 | |||||
I cannot be physically active because I do not have a regular schedule in life. | 3.95 | 1.23 | |||||
Because of family and childrearing responsibilities/activities I do not have enough time to do physical activity. | 2.76 | 1.28 | |||||
Interpersonal barriers | In our society, it is not customary for pregnant women to do physical activity. | 2.62 | 1.30 | 16.37 ± 4.59 57.07 ± 22.80a | 5 | 25 | |
I do not do physical activity because I do not have access to complete information about physical activity during pregnancy. | 3.41 | 1.43 | |||||
My friends and relatives forbid me from doing physical activity during pregnancy. | 3.14 | 1.38 | |||||
The physician/midwife does not provide advice on the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy. | 3.53 | 1.34 | |||||
The physician/midwife does not provide advice on how to do physical activity safely during pregnancy | 3.66 | 1.35 | |||||
Environmental barriers | Air pollution prevents me from doing physical activity outdoors. | 3.49 | 1.34 | ||||
I do not do physical activity because I do not have access to a suitable vehicle for transportation. | 3.27 | 1.41 | 27.19 ± 6.55 50.52 ± 18.24a | 9 | 45 | ||
It is difficult for me to do physical activity in unfavorable weather (too cold/hot). | 2.07 | 1.01 | |||||
I am not able to pay for physical activities. | 2.83 | 1.38 | |||||
There are no specific physical activity programs designed for pregnant women. | 2.78 | 1.35 | |||||
Parks are unsafe and unsuitable for pregnant women to do physical activity. | 2.50 | 1.28 | |||||
I do not do physical activity because of a lack of space at home. | 3.04 | 1.46 | |||||
There is too great a distance from my home to facilities designed for physical activity. | 3.95 | 1.25 | |||||
There are very few places for me to do physical activity. | 3.23 | 1.29 | |||||
Total | 88.55 ± 19.28 | 36 | 133 |