Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study reference | Country | Medical condition | Participants | Interventions | Outcome measure | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O’Reilly, S. L., et al. 2016 (38) | Australia | GDM | Control (n = 289), Intervention (n = 284); | Intervention group: lifestyle diabetes prevention intervention (MAGDA-DPP) includes 2 phases: Intensive phase (1 individual session, plus 5 group sessions on knowledge, skills of T2DM); maintenance phase (2 telephone sessions). Control group: usual care during RCT, and intervention after 12 mo of final assessment. | PHQ-91 | Control group: baseline 4.57 (0.23), endpoint 4.39 (0.25), difference − 0.19 (0.449); Intervention group: baseline 4.06 (0.23), endpoint 4.41 (0.26), difference 0.35 (0.172). Between group difference baseline − 0.51 (0.111), endpoint 0.03 (0.943), p = 0.132. |
Yu et al. 2017 (39) | China | GDM | Control (n = 33), intervention (n = 40). | Intervention group: combined care and management program during pregnancy (including mental health education, blood glucose monitoring and lifestyle management skills, one-to-one guidance), with postpartum telephone sessions every week until 2 months postpartum. Control group: usual care including health education, monitoring, and medication guidance. | SAS2, SDS3 | SAS: Intervention group: baseline 55.15 (8.23), endpoint 43.27 (5.19), control group: baseline 56.65 (8.19), endpoint 51.39 (6.28), p < 0.05. SDS: intervention group: baseline 57.11 (8.27), endpoint 47.11 (2.19); control group: baseline 57.09 (8.49), endpoint 54.59 (3.72), p < 0.05. |
Gerli et al. 2018 (42) | China | HDP | Control (n = 30), intervention (n = 30). | Intervention group: postpartum extended care: (1) organized extended care team consisting of experienced obstetricians and registered nurses, (2) individualized guidance at end of hospitalization, (3) online communication support (WeChat group for Q&A), and (4) home visit or telephone review. Control group: usual care including physical indicator monitoring, medication guidance, pain regulation, and relevant health education. | HAM-A4, HAM-D5 | HAM-A: Intervention group (endpoint): 6.47 (1.05), Control group (endpoint): 10.45 (1.55), t = 11.64, P < 0.01; HAM-D: intervention group (endpoint): 6.97 (1.14), control group (endpoint): 11.05 (1.67), t = 11.05, p < 0.01. |
Yin et al. 2020 (25) | China | HDP | Control (n = 42), intervention (n = 42) | Intervention group: usual care plus 6 month extended care program: (1) organized extended care team consisted of health professionals to schedule and monitor program implementation, (2) set up postpartum communication, (3) online Q&A conducted by hospital staff (through WeChat). Control group: usual care including individualized rest environment, diet monitoring (salt, and nutrients), and health indicator monitoring during peripartum period. | SAS, SDS, HAM-A, HAM-D | Intervention group: SAS: baseline 66.52 (4.21), endpoint 39.45 (3.83); HAM-A: baseline 31.67 (4.67), endpoint 15.49 (3.48); SDS: baseline 64.83 (3.81), endpoint 51.48 (2.67); HAM-D: baseline 29.47 (3.62), endpoint 24.51 (4.59). Control group: SAS: baseline 66.19 (4.68), endpoint 42.56 (3.77), HAM-A: baseline 34.58 (4.29), endpoint 22.37 (2.86); SDS: baseline 64.72 (4.22), endpoint 48.63 (7.15), HAM-D: baseline 29.86 (3.11), endpoint 17.63 (4.82). P < 0.05 for between group differences regarding SAS, SDS, HAM-A and HAM-D. |
Zhang et al. 2020 (41) | China | GDM | Control (n = 30), intervention (n = 30) | Intervention group: extended postpartum care: (1) early intervention postpartum, including GDM health education, BG testing, nutrition guidance. (2) extended intervention postpartum, including enhanced education on childrearing, recovery exercise, home visits or review (online communication). (3) extended management, including body weight, self-monitoring of BG. Control group: usual care during peripartum period. | HAM-A, HAM-D | HAM-A: baseline: control group 32.7 (3.71), intervention group 32.74 (3.53), t = 0.021, p = 0.492; endpoint: control group 29.42 (3.42), intervention group 17.65 (2.31), t = 15.607, p < 0.001. HAM-D: baseline, control group 43.94 (4.56), intervention group 43.91 (4.52), t = 0.026, p = 0.49; endpoint: control group 34.27 (4.37), intervention group 21.19 (3.24), t = 13.169, p < 0.001. |
Liang et al. 2020 (43) | China | HDP | Control (n-40), intervention (n = 40) | mHealth extended care intervention: (1) health education, (2) guidance at end of hospitalization, (3) setup of WeChat group (weekly information feed, online Q&A, monitoring diary writing, and individualized assistance, (4) care provider written report at 42d, 1 mo, 3 mo and 6 mo postpartum for each patient. | SAS, SDS | SAS endpoint: intervention group 32.48 (2.55), control group 47.89 (9.23), t = 0.000, p < 0.01. SDS endpoint: intervention group 25.77 (3.79), control group 55.79 (10.84), t = 0.000, p < 0.001. |
Parfenova (23) et al. 2020 | Canada | HDP | Control (n = 56), Intervention (n = 57). | Intervention group: a two-page pamphlet on postpartum care knowledge (developed by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals) is used. Control group: usual care including explanations about the risks and recommendations for future pregnancy and health. | Self-developed questionnaire | Self-developed Questionnaire that contained questions on anxiety level using standard Likert scale: (1-not worried, 6-extremely worried). Global anxiety: intervention group: baseline 3.7 (1.0), endpoint 3.8 (1.0); control group: baseline 3.9 (1.1), endpoint 4.0 (1.0), p = 0.67. |
Guo et al. 2021(40) | China | GDM | Control (n = 160), intervention (n = 160) | Intervention group: intensive Lifestyle Modification (ILSM): Six biweekly, face-to-face sessions and 5 biweekly phone sessions delivered by trained local health workers during the 3-month intervention. Control group: usual care following the clinical guidelines for patients with GDM, including same brochure for health education. | WHOQOL-BREF6 | Perceived stress: ILSM group: baseline 22.75 (6.60), endpoint 24.18 (7.33); control group baseline 22.82 (6.85), endpoint 24.60 (5.47), p < 0.05. Psychological QoL: ILSM group: baseline 12.81(1.87), endpoint 14.24 (2.16); control group: baseline 13.75 (1.87), endpoint 14.26 (2.04), p < 0.05. |
Pan et al. 2021(44) | China | HDP | Control (n = 35), Intervention (n-35) | Intervention group: comprehensive care during the perinatal period: (1) Prenatal care. (2) Delivery care. (3) Postpartum care, including everyday blood pressure measurement and post-surgery care. Companionship, especially from the husband, was strengthened to encourage and support mothers and help take care of newborns. Control group: usual care including medical education, regular pre- natal care, and medication application as pre- scribed. | HAM-A, HAM-D | HAM-A: Baseline: control 10.02 (1.49), intervention 9.69 (1.22); endpoint: control 7.95 (1.24), intervention 6.58 (1.01), p < 0.05. HAM-D: baseline: control 1.22 (1.97), intervention 10.94 (2.01); endpoint: control 8.83 (1.44), intervention 7.01 (1.38), p < 0.05. |