Table 2 Changes in biomarkers according to the diet group, with or without gestational diabetes mellitus

Variable

 1^st trimester of pregnancy

  Gestational weeks(wk)

11.98 ± 2.16

11.93 ± 1.96

12.41 ± 1.53

  FBG (mmol/L)

4.41 ± 0.43

4.50 ± 0.35

4.57 ± 0.33

  HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)

5.14 ± 0.46 (33) ^a

5.32 ± 0.27 (35) ^b

5.19 ± 0.32 (33)

 2nd trimester of pregnancy

  Gestational weeks(wk)

25.51 ± 1.11

25.28 ± 1.20

25.20 ± 1.00

  OGTT

   Fasting (mmol/L)

4.15 ± 0.45

4.19 ± 0.48

4.11 ± 0.33

   1 h (mmol/L)

10.4 ± 1.28^a

9.75 ± 0.98^b

7.15 ± 1.16^c

   2 h (mmol/L)

9.12 ± 0.98^a

8.29 ± 1.06^b

6.19 ± 1.01^c

  Abnormal values, type

   Fasting (≥ 5.1 mmol/L [92 mg/dL]) (n, %)

1 (5)

5 (6.25)

Reference

   1 h (≥ 10.0 mmol/L [180 mg/dL) (n, %)

14 (70)

43 (53.75) ^b

Reference

   2 h (≥ 8.5 mmol/L [153 mg/dL) (n, %)

14 (70)

49 (61.25) ^b

Reference

  Abnormal values, n (%)

   0

0(0)

0(0)

80(100)

   ≧1(GDM)

20(100)^a

80(100) ^b

0(0)

   1

11(55)^a

64(80) ^b

0(0)^c

   2

9(45)^a

15(18.75) ^b

0(0)^c

   3

0(0)

1(1.25)

0(0)

 Higher-1 h-2 h (n, %)

8 (40)^a

13 (16.25) ^b

0 (0)^c

 AUC [mmol/(L˙h)]

17.0 ± 1.13^a

16.0 ± 0.92^b

12.6 ± 1.85^c

 HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)

4.90 ± 0.30 (30)

5.05 ± 0.35 (31) ^b

4.92 ± 0.26 (30)

 GA (%)

12.31 ± 1.23^a

13.8 ± 1.59

13.49 ± 1.34^c

 Insulin treatment, n (%)

  Yes

2 (10) ^a

0 (0)

0 (0) ^c

 Detectable urinary ketone bodies (n, % of participants)

  1^st trimester of pregnancy

2 (10)

2 (2.5)

5 (6.25)

  2^nd trimester of pregnancy

5 (25) ^a

1 (1.25)

1 (1.25)^c

  3^rd trimester of pregnancy

1 (5)

1 (1.25)

6 (7.5)