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Table 2 Correlates of Perinatal Depression

From: Perinatal depression and its impact on infant outcomes and maternal-nurse SMS communication in a cohort of Kenyan women

Correlates

Any Perinatal Depression

n (%) or Median (IQR)

Relative Risk (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted Relative Riska (95% CI)

p-value

Yes

188 (32.9%)

No

384 (67.1%)

Adolescent

22 (12.0%)

36 (9.4%)

1.10 (0.86, 1.39)

0.45

1.01 (0.79, 1.28)

0.96

Not Married/Cohabitating

26 (14.3%)

38 (9.9%)

1.18 (0.88, 1.58)

0.26

1.00 (0.96, 1.05)

0.86

Less than primary education

15 (8.0%)

32 (8.3%)

1.02 (0.99, 1.05)

0.13

1.04 (0.94, 1.15)

0.43

Unemployed

127 (67.6%)

267 (69.5%)

1.07 (0.93, 1.23)

0.34

1.03 (0.95, 1.11)

0.50

Primigravida

63 (33.5%)

131 (34.1%)

1.09 (0.95, 1.24)

0.21

1.14 (1.04, 1.24)

0.005*

Living Childrenb

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1.01 (0.95, 1.06)

0.83

1.05 (0.99, 1.10)

0.08

History of Miscarriage

16 (8.5%)

49 (12.8%)

0.81 (0.61, 1.08)

0.15

0.81 (0.74, 0.88)

< 0.0001*

Undesired pregnancy

83 (44.1%)

112 (29.3%)

1.30 (1.11, 1.52)

0.001*

1.23 (1.13, 1.35)

< 0.0001*

Never Used Family Planning

58 (30.9%)

102 (26.6%)

1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

0.99

0.98 (0.79, 1.22)

0.87

Monthly Income (in KSh) c

8000 (2000–12,000)

10,000 (8000–14,000)

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.98

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.87

Abuse during pregnancy

10 (5.3%)

9 (2.3%)

1.73 (1.57, 1.90)

< 0.0001*

1.76 (1.64, 1.90)

< 0.0001*

Living with HIV

13 (7.0%)

23 (6.0%)

0.88 (0.43, 1.81)

0.73

0.86 (0.48, 1.54)

0.62

Correlates

Antenatal Depression

n (%) or Median (IQR)

Relative Risk (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted Relative Riska (95% CI)

p-value

Yes

163 (28.5%)

No

409 (71.5%)

Adolescent Age

21 (13.2%)

37 (9.1%)

1.19 (0.76, 1.88)

0.44

1.04 (0.71, 1.52)

0.85

Not Married/Cohabitating

24 (15.3%)

40 (9.8%)

1.24 (0.90, 1.71)

0.18

1.10 (1.00, 1.21)

0.04*

Less than primary education

13 (8.0%)

34 (8.3%)

1.04 (0.97, 1.10)

0.31

0.99 (0.94, 1.05)

0.74

Unemployed

113 (69.3%)

281 (68.7%)

1.19 (1.18, 1.20)

< 0.001*

1.09 (1.08, 1.11)

< 0.0001*

Primigravida

55 (33.7%)

139 (34.0%)

1.12 (0.94, 1.35)

0.21

1.21 (1.02, 1.42)

0.03*

Living Childrenb

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

0.79

1.08 (1.08, 1.08)

< 0.0001*

History of Miscarriage

16 (9.8%)

49 (12.0%)

0.95 (0.84, 1.08)

0.41

0.94 (0.90, 0.99)

0.03*

Undesired pregnancy

73 (44.8%)

122 (30.0%)

1.28 (1.16, 1.41)

< 0.0001*

1.17 (1.14, 1.20)

< 0.0001*

Never Used Family Planning

53 (32.5%)

107 (26.2%)

1.04 (0.96, 1.13)

0.36

1.00 (0.90, 1.12)

0.97

Monthly Income (in KSh) c

6000 (1500–10,500)

10,000 (8000–15,000)

0.99 (0.99, 0.99) d

< 0.0001*

0.99 (0.99, 0.99) e

< 0.0001*

Abuse during pregnancy

9 (5.5%)

10 (2.4%)

1.81 (1.59, 2.05)

< 0.0001*

1.79 (1.65, 1.94)

< 0.0001*

Living with HIV

12 (7.4%)

24 (5.9%)

0.90 (0.50, 1.61)

0.71

0.83 (0.53, 1.31)

0.43

Correlates

Postpartum Depression

n (%) or Median (IQR)

Relative Risk (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted Relative Riska (95% CI)

p-value

Yes

52 (9.1%)

No

52 (90.9%)

Adolescent Age

4 (8.0%)

54 (10.4%)

0.74 (0.23, 2.39)

0.61

0.79 (0.32, 1.99)

0.62

Not Married/Cohabitating

6 (11.8%)

58 (11.3%)

0.99 (0.80, 1.22)

0.89

0.81 (0.51, 1.29)

0.38

Less than primary education

6 (11.5%)

41 (7.9%)

1.47 (1.35, 1.60)

< 0.0001*

1.51 (1.29, 1.78)

< 0.0001*

Unemployed

34 (65.4%)

360 (69.2%)

0.93 (0.49, 1.76)

0.83

0.97 (0.62, 1.52)

0.89

Primigravida

14 (26.9%)

180 (34.6%)

0.78 (0.76, 0.80)

< 0.0001*

1.33 (1.29, 1.37)

< 0.0001*

Living Childrenb

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1.22 (1.15, 1.29)

< 0.0001*

1.18 (1.00, 1.40)

0.05

History of Miscarriage

7 (13.5%)

58 (11.2%)

1.25 (0.40, 3.88)

0.70

0.84 (0.32, 2.25)

0.74

Undesired pregnancy

21 (40.4%)

174 (33.6%)

1.18 (0.84, 1.67)

0.34

1.07 (0.68, 1.70)

0.77

Never Used Family Planning

13 (25.0%)

147 (28.3%)

0.79 (0.48, 1.30)

0.35

0.88 (0.46, 1.69)

0.70

Monthly Income (in KSh) c

8000 (2000–16,000)

10,000 (6000–14,000)

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

0.30

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

0.05*

Abuse during pregnancy

2 (3.8%)

17 (3.3%)

1.24 (0.94, 1.64)

0.12

1.53 (1.13, 2.07)

0.006*

Living with HIV

5 (9.8%)

31 (6.0%)

1.39 (0.59, 3.27)

0.45

1.45 (0.85, 2.47)

0.17

Correlates

Persistent Perinatal Depression

n (%) or Median (IQR)

Relative Risk (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted Relative Riska (95% CI)

p-value

Yes

27 (4.7%)

No

545 (95.3%)

Adolescent Age

3 (12.0%)

55 (10.2%)

1.02 (0.75, 1.40)

0.88

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

0.30

Not Married/Cohabitating

4 (15.4%)

60 (11.1%)

1.16 (0.85, 1.59)

0.35

1.34 (1.05, 1.71)

0.02*

Less than primary education

4 (14.8%)

43 (7.9%)

1.89 (1.74, 2.06)

< 0.0001*

1.39 (0.91, 2.10)

0.12

Unemployed

20 (74.1%)

374 (68.6%)

1.58 (1.32, 1.89)

< 0.0001*

1.36 (1.06, 1.75)

0.02*

Primigravida

6 (22.2%)

188 (34.5%)

0.76 (0.74, 0.78)

< 0.0001*

1.76 (1.29, 2.40)

0.0004*

Living Childrenb

2 (0.5–3)

1 (0–2)

1.32 (1.24, 1.41)

< 0.0001*

1.39 (1.25, 1.54)

< 0.0001*

History of Miscarriage

7 (25.9%)

58 (10.6%)

2.59 (2.04, 3.28)

< 0.0001*

1.46 (1.00, 2.13)

0.05*

Undesired pregnancy

11 (40.7%)

184 (33.9%)

1.00 (0.95, 1.04)

0.87

0.75 (0.66, 0.86)

< 0.0001*

Never Used Family Planning

8 (29.6%)

152 (27.9%)

0.84 (0.63, 1.13)

0.25

0.95 (0.76, 1.19)

0.67

Monthly Income (in KSh)c

2000 (1500–6600)

10,000 (6500–14,000)

0.96 (0.95, 0.97)

< 0.0001*

0.97 (0.96, 0.98)

< 0.0001*

Abuse during pregnancy

1 (3.7%)

18 (3.3%)

1.35 (0.86, 2.14)

0.20

1.51 (0.99, 2.30)

0.05

Living with HIV

4 (15.4%)

32 (5.9%)

1.75 (1.50, 2.03)

< 0.0001*

1.43 (1.34, 1.52)

< 0.0001*

  1. aAdjusted for all other correlates listed in table
  2. bThis relative risk is given as the risk of having any perinatal depression comparing a mother with one additional living child to a mother with a certain number of living children
  3. cThis relative risk is given as the risk of having any perinatal depression comparing a mother with an additional 1000 KSh in monthly household income to a mother of a certain monthly household income
  4. dTaken to the ten-thousandth place, this relative risk and corresponding CI is 0.9889 (0.9885, 0.9893)
  5. eTaken to the ten-thousandth place, this adjusted relative risk and corresponding CI is 0.9917 (0.9912, 0.9923)
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