Effectiveness of early essential newborn care on breastfeeding and maternal outcomes: a nonrandomized controlled study

Table 1 Baseline information of participants

Variables	Intervention group (n = 91)	Control group (n = 91)	p^a
Maternal
Age (years), Mean ± SD	30.23 ± 2.78	30.32 ± 3.27	0.845
Educational level (%)			0.073
High school and below	2 (2.2)	8 (8.8)
Junior college	14 (15.4)	8 (8.8)
Undergraduate and above	75 (82.4)	75 (82.4)
Gestational age (weeks), Mean ± SD	39.63 ± 0.98	39.51 ± 0.97	0.403
Previous obstetric history, n (%)			0.628
Primiparous	65 (71.4)	62 (68.1)
Multiparous	26 (28.6)	29 (31.9)
Nipple pattern of women, n (%)			0.415
Raised	77 (84.6)	83 (91.2)
Flat	10 (11.0)	6 (6.6)
Sunken	4 (4.4)	2 (2.2)
STAI-S^*, Mean ± SD	42.92 ± 9.45	43.52 ± 10.15	0.684
Height (m^*), Mean ± SD	1.60 ± 0.04	1.61 ± 0.05	0.107
Weight (kg^*), Mean ± SD	64.69 ± 7.82	66.50 ± 7.03	0.102
Newborn
Sex, n (%)			0.767
Male	47 (51.6)	45 (49.5)
Female	44 (48.4)	46 (50.5)
Length (cm^*), Mean ± SD	49.78 ± 1.58	50.04 ± 1.48	0.245
Birthweight (g^*), Mean ± SD	3251.65 ± 362.22	3232.53 ± 317.33	0.705

^a the two-tailed t test or chi-square test were used for comparisons between the intervention group and the control group
^*STAI-S the state form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, m metres, kg kilograms

ISSN: 1471-2393