Impact of maternal dietary carbohydrate intake and vitamin D-related genetic risk score on birth length: the Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) cohort study

Table 3 Interaction between GRSs and T3 dietary intake on newborn anthropometry outcomes

Genetic risk score (GRS)	Birth weight (g)				Birth length (cm)			Head circumference (cm)
Genetic risk score (GRS)	N	Mean	Std. Error	P_interaction	Mean	Std. Error	P interaction	Mean	Std. Error	P_interaction
Vitamin D-GRS*
≤ 3 risk alleles	110	3197.46	40.90	0.611^a 0.872^b 0.524^c	48.75	0.19	0.065^a 0.073^b 0.300^c	33.97	0.18	0.982^a 0.364^b 0.227^c
≥ 4 risk alleles	73	3233.58	50.84	0.611^a 0.872^b 0.524^c	48.70	0.23	0.065^a 0.073^b 0.300^c	33.93	0.23	0.982^a 0.364^b 0.227^c
VDR-GRS**
< 2 risk alleles	102	3188.11	43.30	0.810^a 0.775^b 0.556^c	48.80	0.19	0.032^a 0.099^b 0.447^c	34.01	0.19	0.970^a 0.701^b 0.571^c
≥ 2 risk alleles	79	3229.51	50.48	0.810^a 0.775^b 0.556^c	48.65	0.23	0.032^a 0.099^b 0.447^c	33.83	0.22	0.970^a 0.701^b 0.571^c
Non-VDR GRS***
< 3 risk alleles	124	3250.11	38.82	0.841^a 0.795^b 0.710^c	48.79	0.18	0.256^a 0.079^b 0.278^c	34.06	0.17	0.835^a 0.230^b 0.168^c
≥ 3 risk alleles	55	3148.72	60.40	0.841^a 0.795^b 0.710^c	48.56	0.28	0.256^a 0.079^b 0.278^c	33.80	0.26	0.835^a 0.230^b 0.168^c

IGF-1 Insulin-like growth factor 1, PAL Physical activity level, T3 Third trimester
Adjusted for age, total energy intake in T3, pre-pregnancy BMI and vitamin D
^aInteraction between GRS and dietary carbohydrate intake
^binteraction between GRS and dietary protein intake
^cInteraction between GRS and dietary fat intake
^*All six SNPs in genes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D (vitamin D-GRS);
^**Two SNPs in VDR genes are included in the ‘VDR-GRS’;
^***Four SNPs in DHCR7, GC, CYP24A1 and CYP2R1 genes are included in the ‘Non-VDR GRS score’

ISSN: 1471-2393