Table 3 Characteristics of the included studies

Awad & Bühling, 2011 [55]

Germany

86 first-time and multiple fathers

All

Quant

Bäckström & Hertfelt Wahn, 2011 [56]

Sweden

10 first-time fathers

Vaginal

Qual

Bélanger-Lévesque et al., 2014 [44]

Canada

200 first-time and multiple parents

All

Quant

Bradley et al., 2008 [52]

UK

199 first-time and multiple fathers

not specified

Quant

Capogna et al., 2007 [11]

Italy

243 fathers

Vaginal

Quant

Chan & Paterson-Brown, 2002 [45]

UK

114 fathers and 112 mothers

All

Quant

Eggermont et al., 2017 [57]

Belgium

72 first-time or multiple fathers

Vaginal

Quant

Erlandsson & Lindgren, 2009 [5]

Sweden

16 first-time and multiple fathers

All

Qual

Franzen et al., 2021 [54]

Switzerland & France

151 first-time fathers

All

Quant

Gawlik et al., 2015 [51]

Germany

88 first-time and multiple fathers

All

Quant

Harte et al., 2016 [50]

Australia

first-time father; mother and sisters of the birthing woman

not specified

Qual

Hildingsson et al., 2011 [58]

Sweden

595 first-time and multiple fathers

Normal vaginal

Quant

Howarth et al., 2019 [59]

New Zealand

155 first-time fathers

not specified

Mix

Johansson et al., 2012 [60]

Sweden

827 first-time and multiple fathers

All

Mix

Johansson & Hildingsson, 2013 [61]

Sweden

827 first time and multiple fathers

All

Quant

Johansson & Thies-Lagergren, 2015 [62]

Sweden

221 fathers

All

Mix

Johnson, 2002a [63]

UK

53 fathers

Normal vaginal

Quant

Johnson, 2002b [64]

UK

53 resp. 20 first-time and multiple fathers

Normal vaginal

Mix

Kopff-Landas et al., 2008 [49]

France

33 first-time parents

Vaginal

Qual

Köhne & Hellmers, 2015 [65]

Germany

12 fathers

Vaginal

Qual

Krulis et al., 2021 [66]

Austria

12 first-time fathers

no primary CS

Qual

Ledenfors & Berterö, 2016 [67]

Sweden

8 first-time fathers

Normal vaginal

Qual

Longworth & Kingdon, 2011 [68]

UK

11 first-time fathers

not specified

Qual

Longworth et al., 2021 [43]

UK

12 first and multiple parents

not specified

Qual

Moreau et al., 2009 [48]

France

33 first-time parents

Vaginal

Quant

Nystedt & Hildingsson, 2018 [46]

Sweden

928 first-time mothers and 818 first-time fathers

All

Quant

Porrett et al., 2013 [69]

Australia

163 first-time fathers

All

Quant

Premberg et al., 2011 [70]

Sweden

10 first-time fathers

Vaginal

Qual

Premberg et al., 2012 [53]

Sweden

200 first time fathers

All

Quant

Rosich-Medina & Shetty, 2007 [71]

United Kingdom

150 first-time fathers

All

Quant

Sapountzi-Krepia et al., 2015 [72]

Greece

228 first-time and multiple fathers

not specified

Qual

Sydow & Happ, 2012 [73]

Germany

30 first-time fathers

All

Qual

Tarlazzi et al., 2015 [74]

Italy

6 first-time fathers

Vaginal

Qual

Thies-Lagergren & Johansson, 2019 [47]

Sweden

209 couples

All

Quant

Vischer et al., 2020 [75]

Germany

318 first-time and multiple fathers

All

Quant