Fig. 1

Conceptual framework: Influence of untreated MMHCs on maternal and child outcomes. SOURCE: Authors’ systematic review of the literature. NOTES: Mothers with MMHCs have a greater risk of presenteeism (reduced productivity and accuracy at work), absenteeism (regularly missing work), unemployment, and suicide. They are also more likely to experience preeclampsia or cesarean delivery, to have a long post-delivery hospital stay, and to have high non-obstetric health care costs. Children of mothers with MMHCs have a higher risk of being born preterm, not being breastfed, dying of sudden infant death syndrome, or having physical health issues. In addition, they are more likely to have a behavioral or developmental disorder, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, and behavioral or conduct disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder, which can lead to reduced educational attainment in the longer term. MMHCs = maternal mental health conditions