Table 1 Weighted frequencies of self-reported distance by socio-demographic characteristics and maternal health outcomes (weighted n = 2090)
Characteristic | Is distance a big problem? | Chi square p value | Total (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | |||
Maternal health outcomes | ||||
No ANC appointment | 7 (1.4) | 21 (1.3) | < 0.001 | 28 (1.3) |
1 to 3 appointments | 75 (14.6) | 125 (7.9) | 200 (9.6) | |
Four or more appointments | 433 (84.1) | 1428 (90.7) | 1861 (89.1) | |
No SBA | 107 (20.7) | 188 (11.9) | < 0.001 | 295 (14.1) |
SBA | 409 (79.3) | 1386 (88.1) | 1795 (85.9) | |
No PNC | 124 (24.1) | 274 (17.4) | < 0.001 | 398 (19.1) |
PNC | 391 (75.9) | 1300 (82.6) | 1691 (80.9) | |
Rural/urban | ||||
Rural | 362 (70.2) | 652 (41.4) | < 0.001 | 1014 (48.5) |
Urban | 154 (29.8) | 923 (58.6) | 1077 (51.5) | |
Region | ||||
Ashanti | 54 (10.5) | 271 (17.2) | < 0.001 | 325 (15.6) |
Brong Ahafo | 28 (5.4) | 176 (11.2) | 204 (9.8) | |
Central | 43 (8.4) | 149 (9.5) | 192 (9.2) | |
Eastern | 60 (11.7) | 169 (10.7) | 229 (11.0) | |
Greater Accra | 56 (10.9) | 325 (20.6) | 381 (18.2) | |
Northern | 90 (17.5) | 102 (6.5) | 192 (19.2) | |
Upper East | 32 (6.2) | 63 (4.0) | 95 (4.5) | |
Upper West | 19 (3.7) | 36 (2.3) | 55 (2.6) | |
Volta | 68 (13.2) | 106 (6.7) | 174 (8.3) | |
Western | 64 (12.5) | 179 (11.4) | 243 (11.6) | |
Wealth | ||||
Poor | 327 (63.4) | 502 (31.9) | < 0.001 | 1136 (51.4) |
Middle | 82 (15.9) | 346 (22.0) | 428 (20.5) | |
Rich | 107 (20.7) | 726 (46.1) | 833 (39.9) | |
Age group | ||||
15–20 | 205 (39.8) | 467 (29.7) | < 0.001 | 672 (32.2) |
21–30 | 277 (53.8) | 977 (62.1) | 1254 (60.0) | |
31–49 | 33 (6.4) | 130 (8.3) | 163 (7.8) | |
Health insurance | ||||
Registered with health insurance | 434 (84.3) | 1412 (89.7) | 0.001 | 1846 (88.4) |
Not registered with health insurance | 81 (15.7) | 162 (10.3) | 243 (11.6) | |
Education | ||||
No formal education | 84 (16.3) | 139 (8.8) | < 0.001 | 223 (10.7) |
Primary | 316 (61.4) | 888 (56.4) | 1204 (57.6) | |
Secondary or higher | 115 (22.3) | 548 (34.8) | 663 (31.7) | |