Table 3 Adjusted multivariate analysis of the association between the explanatory variables and skilled birth attendance by survey years
Characteristics | 2008 NDHS | 2013 NDHS | 2018 NDHS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
aOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | aOR(95% CI) | |
Emotional IPV | ||||||
 No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 0.66(0.60–0.72)*** | 0.74(0.63–0.87)*** | 1.29(1.17–1.42)*** | 1.11(0.96–1.29) | 0.80(0.71–0.91)** | 0.90(0.74–1.09) |
Physical IPV | ||||||
 No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 1.72(1.55–1.92)*** | 1.12(0.94–1.35) | 1.40(1.26–1.56)*** | 0.91(0.78–1.08) | 1.33(1.15–1.54)*** | 1.03(0.82–1.29) |
Sexual IPV | ||||||
 No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 0.97(0.80–1.17) | 0.98(0.72–1.34) | 0.57(0.48–0.67)*** | 0.91(0.71–1.17) | 0.57(0.47–0.70)*** | 0.62(0.45–0.86)** |
Age | ||||||
 15 – 24 (Ref.) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 25 – 34 |  | 1.31(1.11–1.54)** |  | 1.20(1.04–1.38)* |  | 1.19(0.95–1.48) |
 35 and above |  | 1.36(1.13–1.63)** |  | 1.47(1.26–1.72)*** |  | 1.26(0.99–1.59) |
Educational attainment | ||||||
 No education (Ref.) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Primary |  | 3.06(2.62–3.59)*** |  | 2.84(2.46–3.29)*** |  | 3.25(2.59–4.09)*** |
 Secondary/tertiary |  | 7.14(6.02–8.46)*** |  | 5.86(5.06–6.80)*** |  | 6.63(5.33–8.24)*** |
Employment status | ||||||
 Not working (Ref.) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Currently working |  | 0.99(0.74–1.34) |  | 0.94(0.67–1.32) |  | 1.03(0.68–1.57) |
Wealth quintile | ||||||
 Lowest (Ref.) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Middle |  | 1.96(1.66–2.32)*** |  | 2.27(1.96–2.63)*** |  | 1.93(1.57–3.38)*** |
 Highest |  | 4.76(3.99–5.66)*** |  | 4.39(3.76–5.14)*** |  | 3.28(2.63–4.09)*** |
Place of Residence | ||||||
 Urban (Ref.) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Rural |  | 0.65(0.56–0.76)*** |  | 0.44(0.39–0.50)*** |  | 0.57(0.48–0.68)*** |
Covered by health insurance | ||||||
 No (Ref.) |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Yes |  | 2.28(1.15–4.50)* |  | 2.21(1.40–3.49)** |  | 1.68(0.89–3.14) |
Decision on respondent's health | ||||||
 Husband/partner alone (Ref.) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | |
 Respondent and partner |  | 1.50(1.30–1.74)*** |  | 1.63(1.45–1.85)*** |  | 1.38(1.15–1.67)** |
 Respondent alone |  | 2.28(1.84–2.83)*** |  | 1.94(1.58–2.38)*** |  | 1.63(1.24–2.13)*** |
Decision on how to spend respondent's earnings | ||||||
 Husband/partner alone (Ref.) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | |
 Respondent and partner |  | 1.25(1.00–1.56) |  | 0.69(0.57–0.85)*** |  | 1.31(0.95–1.79) |
 Respondent alone |  | 0.75(0.63–0.89)** |  | 0.58(0.49–0.69)*** |  | 0.96(0.74–1.26) |