Table 3 The mean ± SD of subscale of HBM according to the HACV

Perceived threat

15.816 ± 2.931

15.113 ± 3.180

2.082

0.703

0.038*

Perceived barriers

10.682 ± 2.445

9.673 ± 2.307

3.810

1.009

<  0.001**

Perceived benefits

11.284 ± 2.198

8.924 ± 2.23

9.550

2.360

<  0.001**

Cues to action

7.914 ± 1.553

5.718 ± 2.091

10.909

2.195

<  0.001**

Self-efficacy

12.523 ± 2.033

10.527 ± 2.624

7.805

1.985

<  0.001**