Fig. 3From: Effect of breast milk with or without bacteria on infant gut microbiotaMicrobial analysis of pregnant women’s fecal samples. Alpha diversity estimated by Shannon indices (a) and Simpson indices (b) showed no differences in groups. c PCoA based on weighted Unifrac distances indicated there were no differences in groups. Statistical significance was calculated by the Anosim test. d LEfSe analysis compared all taxonomy between groups. Identified five biomarkers when LDA score = 4. e Evolutionary branch diagram demonstrated that Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriales, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium belong to the same branch. Co-occurrence networks of gut microbiota at the genus level were showen in (f) and (g). f Co-occurrence network of the PBM group. g Co-occurrence network of the PSM group. Nodes with relative abundance less than 0.005% were removed. The nodes were colored by phylum, and nodes’ size was proportional to the relative abundance of genera. Edges represented the relationships between the nodes. A positive correlation was shown by red edges, while a negative correlation was denoted by green edges. Bifidobacterium was indicated by the arrow. PBM = Pregnant women with bacterial milk; PSM = Pregnant women with sterile milkBack to article page