Fig. 2

Microbial analysis of infant fecal samples. Alpha diversity estimated by Shannon indices (a) and Simpson indices (b) showed significant differences in groups. c PCoA based on weighted Unifrac distances indicated there is no differences in groups. Statistical significance was calculated by the Anosim test. d Venn diagram demonstrated that the IBM group had more unique OTUs. e LEfSe analysis compared all taxonomy between groups. Identified three biomarkers when LDA score = 2. f and g showed the relative abundance of Eggerthellaceae and Lachnospiraceae in each sample, respectively. Co-occurrence networks of gut microbiota at the genus level were showed in (h) and (i). h Co-occurrence network of the IBM group. i Co-occurrence network of the ISM group. Nodes with relative abundance less than 0.005% were removed. The nodes were colored by phylum, and nodes’ size was proportional to the relative abundance of genera. Edges represented the relationships between the nodes. A positive correlation was shown by red edges, while a negative correlation was denoted by green edges. Bifidobacterium was indicated by the arrow. IBM = Infants fed with bacterial milk; ISM = Infants fed with sterile milk