Fig. 1From: Association between perinatal factors and hypospadias in newborns: a retrospective case–control study of 42,244 male infantsA consort flow diagram of the study. A total of 84,095 infants were born from 2015 to 2019, and 42,832 of them were male. 588 male infants with birth defects except hypospadias were excluded. Thus 42,147 male infants without birth defects (control) and 97 infants with hypospadias (case) were enrolled in this studyBack to article page