Table 1 Participants’ characteristics according to level of energy intake during pregnancy
Energy intake levela | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Participant (Number) | All (89,817) | Low (30,035) | Moderate (30,914) | High (28,868) |
Mean (SD) | ||||
Energy intake, kcal/d | 1682.1(536.6) | 1144.9(200.2) | 1623.3(126.5) | 2304.1(382.5) |
Maternal age, year | 31.2(5.0) | 30.6(5.2) | 31.4(4.9) | 31.6(4.9) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2(3.3) | 21.3(3.4) | 21.2(3.2) | 21.3(3.3) |
GWG, kg | 10.3(4.0) | 10.0(4.1) | 10.3(3.9) | 10.6(4.0) |
Gestational age, weeks | 38.9(1.4) | 38.9(1.4) | 38.9(1.4) | 38.8(1.4) |
Birth weigh | 3032.3(401.4) | 3016.1(402.9) | 3034.7(399.6) | 3046.4(401.1) |
Number (%) | ||||
Maternal age | ||||
Up to 25 years | 11,952(13.3) | 5103(17.0) | 3650(11.8) | 3199(11.1) |
26–35 years | 58,970(65.7) | 19,237(64.1) | 20,643(66.8) | 19,090(66.1) |
36 or more years | 18,892(21.0) | 5694(19.0) | 6619(21.4) | 6579(22.8) |
Missing | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
Underweight, < 18.5 | 14,451(16.1) | 5006(16.7) | 5006(16.2) | 4439(15.4) |
Normal weight, 18.5–24.9 | 65,772(73.2) | 21,609(72.0) | 22,829(73.9) | 21,334(73.9) |
Overweight and obese, ≥25 | 9551(10.6) | 3400(11.3) | 3074(9.9) | 3077(10.7) |
Missing | 43(0.1) | 20(0.1) | 5(0.0) | 18(0.1) |
GWGb | ||||
Low | 15,917(17.7) | 5942(19.8) | 5471(17.7) | 4504(15.6) |
Appropriate | 41,932(46.7) | 13,958(46.5) | 14,631(47.3) | 13,343(46.2) |
High | 30,238(33.7) | 9566(31.9) | 10,162(32.9) | 10,510(36.4) |
Missing | 1730(1.9) | 569(1.9) | 650(2.1) | 511(1.8) |
Parity | ||||
Nullipara | 36,240(40.4) | 14,055(46.8) | 12,334(39.9) | 9851(34.1) |
Multipara | 53,577(59.7) | 15,980(53.2) | 18,580(60.1) | 19,017(65.9) |
Educational level | ||||
High school or less | 32,419(36.1) | 12,225(40.7) | 10,396(33.6) | 9798(33.9) |
Vocational school/College | 37,680(42.0) | 12,015(40.0) | 13,099(42.4) | 12,566(43.5) |
University or higher | 19,395(21.6) | 5668(18.9) | 7311(23.7) | 6416(22.2) |
Missing | 323(0.4) | 127(0.4) | 108(0.4) | 88(0.3) |
Occupation during pregnancyc | ||||
Non-employed | 29,422(32.8) | 9461(31.5) | 10,290(33.3) | 9671(33.5) |
Low physical job | 33,884(37.7) | 11,021(36.7) | 12,065(39.0) | 10,798(37.4) |
Moderate physical job | 18,254(20.3) | 6608(22.0) | 5855(18.9) | 5791(20.1) |
High physical job | 3971(4.4) | 1500(5.0) | 1313(4.3) | 1158(4.0) |
Missing | 4286(4.8) | 1445(4.8) | 1391(4.5) | 1450(5.0) |
Physical activity level (MET-min/d) | ||||
Low | 30,351(33.8) | 10,704(35.6) | 10,507(34.0) | 9140(31.7) |
Moderate | 27,981(31.2) | 9362(31.2) | 9970(32.3) | 8649(30.0) |
High | 27,312(30.4) | 8547(28.5) | 9089(29.4) | 9676(33.5) |
Missing | 4173(4.7) | 1422(4.7) | 1348(4.4) | 1403(4.9) |
Smoking during pregnancy | ||||
Yes | 4052(4.5) | 1549(5.2) | 1184(3.8) | 1319(4.6) |
No | 85,049(94.7) | 28,217(94.0) | 29,508(95.5) | 27,324(94.7) |
Missing | 716(0.8) | 269(0.9) | 222(0.7) | 225(0.8) |
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy | ||||
Yes | 2521(2.8) | 698(2.3) | 875(2.8) | 948(3.3) |
No | 86,679(96.5) | 29,100(96.9) | 29,852(96.6) | 27,727(96.1) |
Missing | 617(0.7) | 237(0.8) | 187(0.6) | 193(0.7) |
Nausea and vomiting | ||||
Yes | 74,316(82.7) | 24,778(82.5) | 25,688(83.1) | 23,850(82.6) |
No | 15,200(16.9) | 5144(17.1) | 5125(16.6) | 4931(17.1) |
Missing | 301(0.3) | 113(0.4) | 101(0.3) | 87(0.3) |
Chronic diseasesd | ||||
Yesc | 2453(2.7) | 843(2.8) | 857(2.8) | 753(2.6) |
No | 85,858(95.6) | 28,710(95.6) | 29,476(95.4) | 27,672(95.9) |
Missing | 1506(1.7) | 482(1.6) | 581(1.9) | 443(1.5) |
Receipt of health guidance | ||||
Yes | 9528(10.6) | 3307(11.0) | 3236(10.5) | 2985(10.3) |
No | 9528(10.6) | 3307(11.0) | 3236(10.5) | 2985(10.3) |
Missing | 1626(1.8) | 510(1.7) | 610(2.0) | 506(1.8) |