Table 2 Maternal and neonatal outcomes by length of second stage of labor

Mode of delivery

 Spontaneous vaginal (n = 1074)

510 (95.5%)

515 (92.1%)

49 (60.5%)

<0.001

 Operative vaginal (n = 69)

16 (3.0%)

33 (5.9%)

20 (24.7%)

 Cesarean section (n = 31)

8 (1.5%)

11 (2.0%)

12 (14.8%)

Indications of OVD

 Prolonged second stage labor (n = 15)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

15 (75.0%)

<.0001

 Nonreassuring fetal heart rate (n = 51)

16 (100.0)

31 (93.9%)

4 (20.0%)

 Failed progress in labor (n = 3)

0 (0.0%)

2 (6.1%)

1 (5.0%)

Indications of cesarean

 Failed progress in labor (n = 14)

0 (0.0%)

6 (54.5%)

8 (66.7%)

0.048

 Nonreassuring fetal heart rate (n = 14)

7 (87.5%)

4 (36.4%)

3 (25.0%)

 Others (n = 3)

1 (12.5%)

1 (9.1%)

1 (8.3%)

Maternal outcomes

 PPH

60 (11.2%)

91 (16.3%)

22 (27.2%)

<0.001

 Blood loss at 24 h (mL)

315.0 (284.0–390.0)

331.0 (290.0–453.5)

420.0 (310.0–564.0)

<0.001

 Hb decreased (g/L)

16.0 (9.0–23.0)

18.0 (11.0–25.0)

22.0 (14.0–30.0)

<0.001

 Oxytocin used (U)

20.0 (10.0–20.0)

20.0 (10.0–20.0)

20.0 (20.0–40.0)

<0.001

 Transfusion

14 (2.6%)

18 (3.2%)

4 (4.9%)

0.508

 Uterine atony

10 (1.9%)

13 (2.3%)

2 (2.5%)

0.853

 Cervical laceration^a

50 (9.5%)

42 (7.7%)

6 (8.7%)

0.559

 Uterine rupture

7 (1.3%)

1 (0.2%)

1 (1.2%)

0.088

 ICU

2 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.301

Neonatal outcomes

 1-min Apgar score ≤7

7 (1.3%)

3 (0.5%)

2 (2.5%)

0.181

 5-min Apgar score ≤7

2 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.301

 Neonatal asphyxia

6 (1.1%)

2 (0.4%)

1 (1.2%)

0.308

 Assisted ventilation

7 (1.3%)

3 (0.5%)

2 (2.5%)

0.181

 NICU

12 (2.2%)

20 (3.6%)

4 (4.9%)

0.265

 Infection

8 (1.5%)

21 (3.8%)

3 (3.7%)

0.062