Table 3 Factors associated with total GWG status (N = 195)
Variablesa | Total GWG Status | p-value2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Inadequate (n = 104) | Adequate (n = 67) | Excessive (n = 24) | ||
Age (years) | 29.85 (5.9) | 28.94 (5.3) | 30.88 (5.3) | 0.313 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2437.6 (717.4) | 2480.4 (723.9) | 2269.2 (600.4) | 0.493 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 306.2 (88.7) | 312.3 (89.8) | 311.6 (90.1) | 0.905 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 105.4 (41.9) | 107.1 (40.7) | 91.3 (27.4) | 0.277 |
Fat intake (g/day) | 88.7 (40.1) | 90.5 (39.2) | 73.1 (30.3) | 0.287 |
Pregnant women’s education levels (n,%) |  |  |  | 0.499 |
Primary | 45 (43.3) | 42 (62.7) | 13 (54.2) | Â |
Secondary | 38 (36.5) | 14 (20.9) | 4 (16.7) | Â |
Tertiary | 21 (20.2) | 11 (16.4) | 7 (29.2) | Â |
Working status (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.741 |
No | 72 (69.2) | 44 (65.7) | 18 (75.0) | Â |
Yes | 32 (30.8) | 23 (34.3) | 6 (25.0) | Â |
Monthly household income (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.818 |
 < Minimum wage | 28 (26.9) | 18 (26.9) | 5 (20.8) |  |
 ≥ Minimum wage | 76 (73.1) | 49 (73.1) | 19 (79.2) |  |
Maternal nutrition knowledge levels (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.072 |
Low | 45 (43.3) | 42 (62.7) | 13 (54.7) | Â |
Moderate | 38 (36.5) | 14 (20.9) | 4 (16.7) | Â |
High | 21 (20.2) | 11 (26.4) | 7 (29.2) | Â |
Outdoor activity (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.824 |
No | 58 (55.8) | 39 (58.2) | 15 (62.5) | Â |
Yes | 46 (44.2) | 28 (41.8) | 9 (37.5) | Â |
Duration of outdoor activity (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.193 |
 < 1 h | 48 (46.2) | 34 (50.7) | 16 (66.7) |  |
 ≥ 1 h | 56 (53.8) | 33 (49.3) | 8 (33.3) |  |
Parity (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.874 |
Nulliparous | 23 (22.1) | 17 (25.4) | 6 (25.0) | Â |
Primiparous | 81 (77.9) | 50 (74.6) | 18 (75.0) | Â |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (n,%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
Overweight/Obese | 23 (22.1) | 42 (62.7) | 19 (79.2) | Â |
Normal | 63 (60.6) | 23 (34.3) | 5 (20.8) | Â |
Underweight | 18 (17.3) | 2 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | Â |