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Table 2 Characteristics of pregnant women (N = 195)

From: Association between pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study in Indonesian pregnant women

Characteristics

Mean ± SD

n (%)

Age (years)

29.7 ± 5.6

 

Energy intake (kcal/day)

2433.5 ± 706.7

 

Carbohydrate intake (g/day)

309 ± 88.8

 

Protein intake (g/day)

104.4 ± 40.2

 

Fat intake (g/day)

87.6 ± 38.9

 

Pregnant women’s education levels (n,%)

 Primary

 

56 (28.7)

 Secondary

 

77 (39.5)

 Tertiary

 

62 (31.8)

Working status (n,%)

 No

 

132 (67.7)

 Yes

 

63 (32.3)

Monthly household income (n,%)

  < Minimum wage

 

51 (26.2)

  ≥ Minimum wage

 

144 (73.8)

Maternal nutrition knowledge levels (n,%)

 Low

 

99 (50.8)

 Moderate

 

56 (28.7)

 High

 

40 (20.5)

Outdoor activity (n,%)

 No

 

112 (57.4)

 Yes

 

83 (42.6)

Duration of outdoor activity (n,%)

  < 1 h

 

98 (50.3)

  ≥ 1 h

 

97 (49.7)

Parity (n,%)

 Nulliparous

 

46 (23.6)

 Primiparous

 

149 (76.4)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (n,%)

 Overweight/Obese

 

84 (43.1)

 Normal

 

91 (46.7)

 Underweight

 

20 (10.2)

GWGa (n,%)

 Inadequate

 

104 (53.3)

 Adequate

 

67 (34.4)

 Excessive

 

24 (12.3)

Gestational age at birth, weeks

38.88 ± 1.91

 

Infant gender

 Boy

 

111 (56.9)

 Girl

 

84 (43.1)

Birthweight, g

3204.87 ± 494.99

 

Birth length, cm

48.56 ± 2.87

 

Head circumference, cm

33.89 ± 2.52

 
  1. BMI Body mass index, SD Standard deviation, GWG Gestational weight gain
  2. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
  3. aGWG rate was classified in line with the 2009 IOM classification recommendations based on pre-pregnancy BMI