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Table 2 Inequality indices estimates of the factors associated with prevalence 4 + ANC visits among pregnant women, 1998–2014

From: Inequalities in antenatal care in Ghana, 1998–2014

Inequality Dimension

1998

2003

2008

2014

Estimate

LB

UB

Estimate

LB

UB

Estimate

LB

UB

Estimate

LB

UB

Economic status

 Difference

41.91

36.32

47.50

35.41

29.43

41.38

30.94

24.88

37.00

21.66

15.17

28.15

 PAF

37.48

32.00

42.96

31.17

26.41

35.93

20.03

15.27

24.79

12.39

9.62

15.16

 PAR

23.88

20.39

27.37

21.62

18.32

24.92

15.65

11.93

19.38

10.81

8.39

13.22

 Ratio

1.92

1.71

2.12

1.64

1.47

1.80

1.49

1.36

1.62

1.28

1.18

1.39

Level of education

 Difference

26.28

21.63

30.93

22.20

17.41

26.98

19.79

14.75

24.84

13.67

8.23

19.10

 PAF

20.88

16.67

25.09

16.40

13.06

19.73

12.85

9.16

16.54

6.47

4.19

8.74

 PAR

13.30

10.62

15.99

11.37

9.06

13.69

10.04

7.16

12.92

5.64

3.66

7.63

 Ratio

1.52

1.40

1.64

1.38

1.28

1.48

1.29

1.20

1.38

1.17

1.09

1.25

Place of residence

 Difference

20.05

15.30

24.81

23.32

19.18

27.45

16.56

12.09

21.04

9.33

5.76

12.91

 PAF

23.27

21.49

25.05

21.60

19.72

23.47

12.67

10.85

14.50

5.76

4.68

6.83

 PAR

14.83

13.69

15.96

14.98

13.68

16.28

9.90

8.48

11.33

5.02

4.09

5.96

 Ratio

1.34

1.25

1.44

1.38

1.30

1.46

1.23

1.16

1.30

1.11

1.07

1.16

Sub-national Region

 Difference

32.71

19.92

45.50

26.68

17.76

35.61

22.64

10.56

34.71

20.52

8.82

32.23

 PAF

17.26

5.18

29.33

16.49

9.45

23.54

14.57

4.06

25.07

7.14

2.94

11.35

 PAR

10.99

3.30

18.69

11.44

6.55

16.33

11.38

3.18

19.59

6.23

2.56

9.90

 Ratio

1.78

1.32

2.24

1.49

1.28

1.70

1.34

1.11

1.57

1.28

1.08

1.48

  1. Difference, PAR Population Attributable risk, PAF Population Attributable Fraction and Ratio. Difference and Ratio are relative measures whiles PAR and PAF are absolute summary measures