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Table 3 Mixed effects logistic regression of iatrogenic fistula among cesarean births with fistula

From: Iatrogenic genito-urinary fistula following cesarean birth in nine sub-Saharan African countries: a retrospective review

 

Likely iatrogenica (“likely” + “probably” + “definitely”)

Probably iatrogenicb (“probably” + “definitely”)

Definitely iatrogenicc (“definitely”)

n = 787

n = 616

n = 522

Fixed-effect covariatesd

n

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Date of fistula development

 1994–1999

685

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 2000–2004

965

1.05

0.81

1.34

1.09

0.83

1.43

1.26

0.94

1.69

 2005–2009

714

1.24

0.95

1.62

1.39

1.04

1.85

1.63

1.20

2.21

 2010–2017

578

1.37

1.02

1.83

1.36

1.00

1.85

1.60

1.14

2.24

Previous abdominal surgery

 No

2541

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 Yes

398

2.46

1.93

3.13

2.26

1.76

2.89

2.77

2.14

3.57

Parity

 1

1187

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 2

429

2.12

1.53

2.95

1.83

1.27

2.62

1.61

1.10

2.36

 3–5

753

2.18

1.55

3.05

2.05

1.42

2.97

1.70

1.15

2.52

 6+

570

3.17

2.12

4.76

2.98

1.93

4.59

2.45

1.54

3.88

Age at fistula development

 11–19

931

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 20–24

701

2.04

1.47

2.81

2.26

1.57

3.25

2.26

1.55

3.30

 25–29

551

2.93

2.01

4.28

3.00

1.97

4.58

2.76

1.77

4.30

 30–34

373

3.12

2.04

4.79

3.26

2.04

5.21

2.85

1.73

4.68

 35+

379

3.14

1.99

4.96

3.02

1.83

4.98

2.88

1.69

4.88

Random-effect covariate

 Country

2942

0.05

0.01

0.28

0.04

0.00

0.25

0.10

0.02

0.43

  1. a“Likely iatrogenic” includes: Type III ureteric injuries, Type I VCVF with live baby, Type I vault or Type I VCVF in women with clear obstetric fistula in another location, Type I vault fistula, and Type I VCVF with stillbirth
  2. b“Probably iatrogenic” includes: Type III ureteric injuries, Type I VCVF with live baby, Type I vault or Type I VCVF in women with clear obstetric fistula in another location, and Type I vault fistula
  3. c“Definitely iatrogenic” includes: Type III ureteric injuries, Type I VCVF with live baby, and Type I vault or Type I VCVF in women with clear obstetric fistula in another location
  4. dObservations used in regression = 2931