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Table 2 Mixed effects logistic regression of iatrogenic fistula among all births with fistula

From: Iatrogenic genito-urinary fistula following cesarean birth in nine sub-Saharan African countries: a retrospective review

 

Likely iatrogenica (“likely” + “probably” + “definitely”)

Probably iatrogenicb (“probably” + “definitely”)

Definitely iatrogenicc (“definitely”)

n = 791

n = 618

n = 524

Fixed-effect covariatesd

n

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Date of fistula development

 1994–1999

1478

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 2000–2004

1870

1.21

0.96

1.52

1.25

0.97

1.61

1.42

1.08

1.88

 2005–2009

1211

1.56

1.22

2.00

1.72

1.31

2.25

1.99

1.49

2.67

 2010–2017

910

1.94

1.48

2.54

1.90

1.41

2.56

2.20

1.60

3.04

Previous abdominal surgery

 No

4965

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 Yes

501

3.00

2.41

3.73

2.81

2.23

3.53

3.38

2.66

4.30

Parity

 1

2762

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 2

721

2.60

1.92

3.53

2.31

1.63

3.26

2.06

1.43

2.97

 3–5

1177

2.98

2.18

4.07

2.82

1.99

3.99

2.37

1.64

3.44

 6+

805

4.80

3.32

6.94

4.50

3.01

6.75

3.77

2.44

5.82

Age at fistula development

 11–19

2020

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

(Ref)

 20–24

1422

1.79

1.31

2.44

2.02

1.42

2.87

2.04

1.41

2.94

 25–29

874

2.62

1.84

3.74

2.82

1.89

4.22

2.62

1.72

4.01

 30–34

557

2.64

1.78

3.93

2.91

1.87

4.54

2.59

1.61

4.16

 35+

583

2.46

1.62

3.75

2.56

1.60

4.09

2.46

1.49

4.05

Random-effect covariate

 Country

5469

0.20

0.06

0.65

0.15

0.04

0.56

0.27

0.08

0.90

  1. a“Likely iatrogenic” includes: Type III ureteric injuries, Type I VCVF with live baby, Type I vault or Type I VCVF in women with clear obstetric fistula in another location, Type I vault fistula, and Type I VCVF with stillbirth
  2. b“Probably iatrogenic” includes: Type III ureteric injuries, Type I VCVF with live baby, Type I vault or Type I VCVF in women with clear obstetric fistula in another location, and Type I vault fistula
  3. c“Definitely iatrogenic” includes: Type III ureteric injuries, Type I VCVF with live baby, and Type I vault or Type I VCVF in women with clear obstetric fistula in another location
  4. dObservations used in regression = 5451