Labor induction in China: a nationwide survey

Table 4 Comparison of labor induction and prelabor cesarean delivery in low-risk women on maternal and neonatal outcomes

	Nulliparas				Multiparas
	Labor induction (n = 257 145)	Prelabor cesarean delivery (n = 366 975)	Crude OR	Adjusted OR	Labor induction (n = 125 402)	Prelabor cesarean delivery (n = 139 101)	Crude OR	Adjusted OR
	N (%)^a	N (%)^a	(95% CI)^a	(95% CI)^{a b}	N (%)^a	N (%)^a	(95% CI)^a	(95% CI)^{a b}
Maternal outcomes
Postpartum hemorrhage	8640 (3.4)	14,596 (4.0)	0.84 (0.43–1.64)	1.26 (0.76–2.08)	1922 (1.5)	1721 (1.2)	1.25 (0.45–3.51)	0.96 (0.36–2.58)
Postpartum infection	330 (0.1)	482 (0.1)	0.98 (0.29–3.34)	1.20 (0.34–4.27)	0 (0)	38 (0.0)	NA	NA
Amniotic fluid embolism	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	NA	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA	NA
Admission to intensive care unit	975 (0.4)	1367 (0.4)	1.02 (0.30–3.48)	0.62 (0.16–2.37)	62 (0.0)	562 (0.4)	0.12 (0.01–1.06)	0.07 (0.01–3.29)
Neonatal outcomes
Birth trauma	1456 (0.6)	132 (0.0)	15.9 (4.1–61.5)	9.1 (2.2–37.0)	138 (0.1)	0 (0)	NA	NA
Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 min	833 (0.3)	1733 (0.5)	0.69 (0.16–2.92)	1.84 (0.40–8.48)	56 (0.0)	956 (0.7)	0.07 (0.01–0.48)	0.07 (0.01–0.63)
Admission to neonatal intermediate or intensive care unit	16,280 (6.3)	13,606 (3.7)	1.76 (0.56–5.48)	1.85 (0.54–6.33)	6254 (5.0)	7560 (5.4)	0.91(0.25–3.32)	0.96 (0.32–2.90)

OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, NA, Not applicable
^aThe PROC SURVEYFREQ procedure was used in SAS to calculate these frequencies, adjusting for sampling weight and clustering of births within hospitals
^bThe PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure was used in SAS to evaluate the association between labor induction and prelabor cesarean delivery in low-risk women on maternal and neonatal outcomes. We adjusted for maternal age, race, insurance, education, BMI at delivery, number of fetuses, hospital location and hospital levels
Low-risk women were women with term pregnancies and without the following conditions: chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, renal disease, autoimmune disease, heart disease, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, gestational diabetes, cholestasis, SGA, suspected macrosomia, abnormal antenatal testing results, antenatal stillbirth, fetal anomaly, breech or other non-cephalic presentation, PROM, late-term or post-term pregnancy, uterine scar, placental abruption, placenta previa, and prolapse of the cord

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