Table 1 Basic characteristics of study population (N = 129)

[A] Socio-demographic characteristics

Variable

N (%)

 Maternal age, years

 ≥ 40

6 (4.7)

35–39

39 (30.2)

26–34

84 (65.1)

Missing

0

 Parity

Primiparous

78 (60.5)

Multiparous

51 (39.5)

Missing

0

 Mode of conception

Natural or timed intercourse

117 (90.7)

Artificial insemination

5 (3.9)

In-vitro fertilization

7 (5.4)

Missing

0

 Education

University or graduate school

83 (72.8)

Junior college or technical school

21 (18.4)

High school

4 (3.5)

Others

6 (5.3)

Missing

15

 Smoking before pregnancy

No

116 (90.6)

Occasionally

12 (9.4)

Missing

1

 Alcohol before pregnancy

No

25 (19.7)

Occasionally

91 (71.7)

Almost every day

11 (8.6)

Missing

2

 Marital status

Yes

129 (100)

 Family type

Nuclear family

120 (95.2)

Extended family

6 (4.8)

Missing

3

 Family history of mental illness

Yes

21 (16.7)

Missing

3

 Exercise at second trimester

Yes

34 (26.6)

Missing

1

 Working at second trimester

Full-time or part-time

99 (77.3)

Homemaker

29 (22.7)

Missing

1

[B] Pregnancy and delivery outcomes

Variable

N (%)

 Gestational weeks at delivery

 < 37

6 (4.7)

37–41

123 (95.3)

Missing

0

 Final mode of delivery

Natural vaginal

90 (69.8)

Vacuum or forceps delivery

14 (10.8)

Cesarean section, planned/emergency

13/12 (10.1/9.3)

Missing

0

 Epidural anesthesia

Yes

46 (35.7)

Missing

0

 Complications during delivery

Weak pain or prolonged labor

22 (17.0)

Non-reassuring fetal status

7 (5.4)

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

5 (3.9)

Atonic postpartum hemorrhage

5 (3.9)

Fetal abnormality found postpartum

2 (1.6)

Uterine infection

1 (0.8)

Others

7 (5.4)

Missing

0

 Feeding

Breast-feeding

52 (42.3)

Breast-feeding plus formula

69 (56.1)

Formula

2 (1.6)

Missing

6