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Table 3 Summary risk estimates of the relationship between opioid exposure and overall congenital malformations

From: Opioid exposure during pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformation: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

 

No. of study

Summary RR (95%CI)

I2 (%)

P*

P**

Exposed period

    

0.113

 First trimester

4

1.12(0.97, 1.31)

86

0.127

 During pregnancy

9

1.72(1.04, 2.84)

81

0.035

Indication

    

< 0.001

 Analgesic or antitussive treatment

2

1.03(0.94, 1.13)

47

0.549

 Opioid abuse/opioid abuse treatment

9

2.09 (1.74, 2.52)

0

<  0.001

 Not reported

2

0.97 (0.87, 1.10)

42

0.661

Adjusted for confounders

    

< 0.001

 Yes

5

1.06 (0.93, 1.20)

82

0.364

 No

8

2.07 (1.60, 2.68)

9

<  0.001

Risk of bias assessment

    

< 0.001

 Moderate

2

1.00 (0.85, 1.16)

74

0.955

 Serious

3

1.21 (0.90, 1.63)

89

0.214

 Critical

8

2.07 (1.60, 2.68)

9

<  0.001

  1. RR risk ratio, CI confidence interval, P*, P-value in-subgroup; P**, P-value between-subgroup; bold indicate significant difference