Table 7 Comparison of pregnancy outcomes between women with GDM A1, GDM A2, and PGDM

Premature delivery

515 (22.34%)^#

55 (25.58%)^#*

107 (31.47%)*

14.13

< 0.05

Stillbirth

14 (0.61%)

0

2 (0.59%)

0.787^a

SGA

485 (21.04%)

52 (24.19%)

76 (22.35%)

1.35

0.509

LGA

83 (3.60%)^#

6 (2.79%)^#*

24 (7.06%)*

10.16

< 0.05

Congenital anomalies

212 (9.20%)

21 (9.77%)

35 (10.29%)

0.46

0.793

Neonatal asphyxia

175 (7.59%)

14 (6.51%)

37 (10.88%)

5.03

0.081

NICU transfer

317 (13.75%)^#

33 (15.35%)^#

81 (23.82%)*

23.49

< 0.05

Cesarean section

1186 (51.45%)^#

126 (58.60%)^#*

226 (66.47%)*

29.06

< 0.05

Assisted vaginal delivery

15 (0.65%)

2 (0.93%)

6 (1.76%)

0.076^a

PPH

219 (9.50%)

17 (7.91%)

30 (8.82%)

0.67

0.706

Puerperal infection

134 (5.18%)

14 (6.51%)

25 (7.35%)

1.32

0.516

Maternal ICU transfer

21 (0.91%)

0 (0.00%)

6 (1.76%)

0.115^a

Neonatal hypoglycemia

34 (1.48%)^#

5 (2.33%)^#*

12 (3.53%)*

< 0.05^a

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

28 (1.21%)

1 (0.47%)

2 (0.59%)

0.536^a