Table 4 Factors associated with caesarean section at the health facility level in Rwanda

 15–19

1

1

1

1

1

 20–34

0.69 (0.29–1.64)

1.26 (0.54–2.92)

1.23 (0.70–2.15)

1.09 (0.71–1.70)

1.18 (0.61–2.25)

 35–49

1.06 (0.26–4.22)

1.08 (0.41–2.83)

1.97 (0.95–4.09)

1.43 (0.84–2.42)

1.72 (0.86–3.45)

 Not in a union

1

1

1

1

 Married/cohabiting

1.18 (0.51–2.76)

0.63 (0.33–1.23)

1.87 (1.16–3.00)*

1.03 (0.74–1.42)

 No

1

1

1

1

1

 Yes

1.31 (0.62–2.79)

1.29 (0.69–2.41)

0.73 (0.47–1.14)

0.95 (0.68–1.34)

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

 No formal

1

1

1

1

1

 Primary

1.68 (0.78–3.63)

0.56 (0.34–0.90)*

1.00 (0.69–1.46)

1.21 (0.84–1.75)

1.06 (0.69–1.63)

 Secondary

1.68 (0.56–5.06)

0.89 (0.49–1.61)

1.69 (0.98–2.92)

1.26 (0.81–1.96)

1.18 (0.71–1.97)

 Not working

1

1

1

1

1

 Agriculture

0.31 (0.11–0.92)*

0.83 (0.53–1.30)

0.91 (0.61–1.36)

1.04 (0.70–1.55)

1.02 (0.76–1.37)

 Formal employment

0.42 (0.12–1.46)

0.76 (0.45–1.29)

1.24 (0.82–1.87)

1.93 (1.34–2.79)***

1.01 (0.76–1.33)

 Poorest

1

1

1

1

1

 Poorer

0.92 (0.32–2.60)

1.57 (0.71–3.45)

1.05 (0.70–1.57)

0.84 (0.58–1.20)

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

 Average

0.89 (0.31–2.57)

1.22 (0.53–2.80)

1.21 (0.82–1.78)

0.95 (0.65–1.39)

1.07 (0.74–1.53)

 Richer

1.32 (0.47–3.73)

1.27 (0.62–2.62)

0.98 (0.65–1.48)

1.37 (0.96–1.97)

1.31 (0.89–1.91)

 Richest

1.56 (0.64–3.81)

1.82 (0.77–4.29)

1.27 (0.77–2.10)

1.57 (1.02–2.43)*

2.10 (1.38–3.19)**

 1–3

1

1

1

1

1

 ≥4

1.11 (0.61–2.03)

1.56 (1.02–2.39)*

1.09 (0.85–1.39)

1.22 (0.99–1.50)

1.38 (1.13–1.68)*

 Missing

0.85 (0.56–1.30)

1.07 (0.80–1.44)

0.86 (0.70–1.06)

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

0.88 (0.73–1.06)

 1

1

1

1

1

1

 2–4

0.53 (0.29–0.97)*

1.17 (0.70–1.96)

0.53 (0.40–0.70)***

0.65 (0.51–0.82)***

0.86 (0.66–1.12)

 5+

0.29 (0.10–0.86)*

0.87 (0.45–1.68)

0.19 (0.13–0.29)***

0.25 (0.16–0.38)***

0.38 (0.25–0.58)**

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

0.83 (0.55–1.24)

0.82 (0.61–1.10)

0.85 (0.70–1.03)

0.82 (0.69–0.97)*

0.82 (0.69–0.97)*

 Average

1

1

1

1

1

 Low birth weight

1.28 (0.56–2.91)

1.34 (0.73–2.46)

0.80 (0.55–1.16)

1.03 (0.75–1.41)

0.98 (0.72–1.33)

 Big baby

2.00 (1.11–3.61)*

1.42 (0.96–2.10)

1.30 (0.99–1.71)

1.57 (1.22–2.03)***

1.84 (1.34–1.52)**

 Singleton

1

1

1

1

1

 Multiple

11.07 (3.36–36.5) ***

1.32 (0.50–3.50)

6.08 (3.20–11.56)***

6.43 (3.88–10.66)***

3.63 (2.04–6.48)***

 Kigali City

1

1

1

1

1

 South

0.52 (0.21–1.29)

0.38 (0.18–0.78)**

1.04 (0.49–2.20)

1.09 (0.70–1.69)

1.00 (0.68–1.47)

 West

0.75 (0.33–1.71)

0.53 (0.26–1.10)

0.85 (0.39–1.86)

0.94 (0.62–1.41)

0.71 (0.48–1.04)

 North

0.38 (0.13–1.12)

0.19 (0.08–0.44)***

0.70 (0.30–1.62)

0.64 (0.41–1.02)

0.61 (0.39–0.94)*

 East

0.70 (0.30–1.63)

0.35 (0.16–0.78)**

0.92 (0.42–2.00)

0.88 (0.57–1.34)

0.72 (0.49–1.06)

 Urban

1

1

1

1

1

 Rural

1.24 (0.63–2.42)

1.19 (0.67–2.14)

0.61 (0.34–1.10)

0.87 (0.60–1.26)

0.82 (0.59–1.14)

 No formal

1

1

1

1

1

 Primary

0.46 (0.23–0.92)*

1.62 (0.95–2.75)

0.73 (0.52–1.03)

0.97 (0.72–1.31)

1.23 (0.84–1.80)

 Secondary and higher

0.35 (0.14–0.86)*

0.83 (0.44–1.55)

0.85 (0.50–1.45)

1.09 (0.74–1.61)

1.40 (0.86–2.25)