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Table 2 Prevalence of caesarean section according to participants’ characteristics

From: Prevalence and factors associated with caesarean section in Rwanda: a trend analysis of Rwanda demographic and health survey 2000 to 2019–20

Characteristics

2000

2005

2010

2014–15

2019–20

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

%

95% CI

Age, years

 15–19

3.7

(2.0–6.9)

4.1

(2.3–7.2)

9.9

(7.0–13.8)

14.1

(10.3–18.9)

14.2

(10.1–19.6)

 20–34

2.2

(1.8–2.8)

3.1

(2.5–3.7)

7.4

(6.5–8.3)

13.3

(12.1–14.7)

15.8

(14.3–17.4)

 35–49

1.5

(0.9–2.5)

1.8

(1.2–2.6)

5.2

(3.9–6.9)

9.7

(7.8–12.0)

13.5

(11.2–16.1)

Residence

 Urban

6.4

(5.0–8.1)

7.4

(5.5–9.97)

16.0

(13.0–19.6)

22.1

(18.9–25.8)

14.7

(12.4–17.4)

 Rural

1.4

(1.1–1.9)

2.1

(1.7–2.6)

6.0

(5.3–6.8)

10.8

(9.7–12.1)

15.3

(13.9–16.7)

Marital status

 Not in a union

1.6

(1.0–2.7)

3.9

(2.6–5.7)

7.8

(6.2–9.7)

13.1

(10.9–15.7)

26.4

(22.9–30.3)

 Married/cohabiting

2.2

(1.8–2.7)

2.7

(2.2–3.3)

7.0

(6.2–7.9)

12.7

(11.5–14.1)

12.9

(11.6–14.3)

Education

 No formal

1.1

(0.7–1.7)

2.2

(1.5–3.1)

5.1

(3.9–6.8)

7.7

(5.7–10.3)

8.9

(6.7–11.9)

 Primary

2.3

(1.8–3.0)

2.4

(1.9–3.1)

6.4

(5.6–7.2)

12.1

(10.8–13.5)

12.7

(11.4–14.2)

 Secondary

5.1

(3.7–7.0)

8.4

(6.1–11.5)

18.6

(15.0–22.8)

22.4

(19.1–26.1)

24.3

(21.1–27.9)

Occupation

 Not working

7.7

(3.2–17.1)

4.6

(3.4–6.2)

9.4

(7.4–11.9)

13.9

(11.2–17.2)

19.0

(16.4–22.0)

 Agriculture

1.4

(1.0–1.8)

1.9

(1.5–2.4)

5.7

(5.0–6.6)

10.0

(8.9–11.2)

12.2

(10.5–14.0)

 Formal employment

6.1

(4.1–8.9)

7.2

(5.1–10.1)

14.2

(11.4–17.6)

24.5

(20.9–28.5)

16.2

(14.3–18.3)

Wealth, quintiles

 Poorest

1.6

(0.9–2.8)

1.0

(13.7–18.0)

5.5

(4.5–6.8)

9.7

(7.9–11.8)

10.4

(8.6–12.6)

 Poorer

1.0

(0.6–1.8)

2.1

(1.3–3.3)

5.6

(4.3–7.2)

9.2

(7.4–11.4)

9.84

(8.1–11.9)

 Average

1.6

(1.0–2.7)

1.8

(1.1–2.8)

6.5

(5.0–8.3)

9.9

(7.8–12.5)

12.5

(10.3–15.1)

 Richer

2.2

(1.4–3.4)

2.5

(1.8–3.6)

5.8

(4.4–7.5)

14.4

(11.8–17.3)

16.8

(14.0–20.0)

 Richest

4.3

(3.2–5.7)

7.8

(6.0–10.1)

14.2

(11.9–16.8)

23.2

(20.4–26.2)

28.3

(24.5–32.5)

ANC attendance, visits

 1–3

1.9

(1.5–2.4)

2.5

(2.0–3.0)

7.2

(6.3–8.2)

11.0

(9.8–12.3)

13.6

(12.1–15.3)

 ≥4

4.9

(3.3–7.4)

6.8

(5.2–9.0)

10.4

(8.9–12.1)

15.5

(13.8–17.4)

19.6

(17.8–21.5)

 Missing

2.1

(1.6–2.8)

2.6

(2.0–3.4)

4.9

(4.0–6.0)

12.2

(10.5–14.2)

12.2

(10.5–14.1)

Parity

 1

4.2

(3.0–6.1)

6.0

(4.6–7.9)

15.1

(13.1–17.4)

17.9

(15.7–20.4)

20.7

(18.4–23.1)

 2–4

2.6

(2.0–3.3)

3.2

(2.5–4.1)

7.2

(6.1–8.5)

13.8

(12.2–15.5)

16.6

(14.9–18.5)

 ≥5

1.1

(0.7–1.6)

1.6

(1.2–2.3)

2.8

(2.2–3.7)

6.0

(4.6–7.7)

7.9

(6.4–9.9)

Baby’s sex

 Male

2.4

(1.9–3.0)

3.2

(2.6–3.9)

7.9

(7.0–9.0)

14.2

(12.7–15.7)

16.2

(14.7–17.8)

 Female

1.9

(1.4–2.6)

2.5

(2.0–3.2)

6.3

(5.5–7.2)

11.4

(10.0–12.9)

14.1

(12.4–16.0)

Baby’s birth weight

 Average

6.7

(5.3–8.4)

7.7

(6.3–9.4)

9.0

(7.9–10.2)

12.5

(11.3–13.8)

15.4

(14.0–16.9)

 Low birth weight

8.8

(5.0–15.0)

9.5

(5.9–15.0)

10.0

(7.7–12.8)

15.2

(12.0–19.0)

14.7

(12.0–17.8)

 Big baby

0.7

(0.5–1.0)

1.1

(0.8–1.5)

4.1

(3.3–5.1)

12.5

(10.3–15.3)

14.3

(11.4–17.7)

Twin status

 Singleton

2.0

(1.6–2.4)

2.8

(2.4–3.4)

6.8

(6.1–7.5)

12.0

(11.0–13.2)

14.8

(13.6–16.2)

 Multiple

8.6

(3.8–18.4)

4.4

(1.9–10.1)

19.1

(12.3–28.4)

37.2

(27.3–48.4)

27.2

(18.4–38.3)

Access to information

 No

0.9

(0.6–1.4)

1.6

(1.0–2.6)

6.4

(4.6–8.9)

9.9

(7.8–12.5)

11.7

(9.6–14.1)

 Yes

2.9

(2.3–3.6)

3.2

(2.7–3.9)

7.2

(6.4–8.0)

13.4

(12.1–14.7)

16.1

(14.6–17.7)

Partner’s education

 No formal

1.5

(1.0–2.3)

1.3

(0.8–1.9)

5.7

(4.3–7.4)

9.0

(6.8–11.9)

8.9

(6.5–12.1)

 Primary

1.9

(1.5–2.6)

2.9

(2.2–3.8)

6.0

(5.2–7.0)

11.8

(10.5–13.1)

13.5

(12.0–15.1)

 Secondary and higher

4.4

(2.7–6.9)

5.4

(4.0–7.1)

14.3

(11.3–18.0)

23.6

(20.1–27.7)

25.3

(21.6–29.3)

Region

 Kigali City

8.8

(6.8–11.5)

12.1

(8.2–17.5)

15.2

(11.9–19.1)

21.8

(18.0–26.0)

26.4

(22.3–31.0)

 South

2.0

(1.3–3.1)

2.8

(2.1–3.8)

7.5

(6.0–9.3)

14.5

(12.1–17.2)

16.2

(13.8–19.0)

 West

1.9

(1.3–2.8)

2.8

(2.0–3.9)

6.1

(5.0–7.5)

11.4

(9.2–14.1)

12.5

(10.4–14.9)

 East

2.3

(1.4–3.5)

1.9

(1.2–2.9)

6.5

(5.2–8.0)

10.8

(9.0–13.0)

11.2

(8.67–14.4)

 North

1.3

(0.8–2.3)

1.2

(0.7–2.1)

4.5

(3.1–6.5)

8.5

(6.4–11.1)

13.2

(10.7–16.3)

Type of facility

 Public

8.2

(6.8–10.0)

10.2

(8.6–11.9)

9.6

(8.7–10.7)

13.9

(12.6–15.2)

15.4

(14.1–16.8)

 Private

13.6

(7.4–23.8)

10.9

(5.7–20.0)

41.5

(26.6–58.1)

76.5

(36.9–94.8)

60.6

(47.2–72.5)

  1. ANC Antenatal care