Table 1 Participants’ characteristics
Characteristics | 2000 (N = 6706) | 2005 (N = 7712) | 2010 (N = 7159) | 2014–15 (N = 6248) | 2019–20 (N = 6319) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age, years | ||||||||||
15–19 | 431 | 6.4 | 318 | 4.1 | 342 | 4.8 | 344 | 5.5 | 286 | 4.5 |
20–34 | 4881 | 72.8 | 5830 | 75.6 | 5605 | 78.3 | 4875 | 78.0 | 4520 | 71.5 |
35–49 | 1394 | 20.8 | 1564 | 20.3 | 1212 | 16.9 | 1029 | 16.5 | 1513 | 23.9 |
Residence | ||||||||||
Urban | 1460 | 21.8 | 1478 | 19.2 | 906 | 12.7 | 1384 | 22.2 | 1284 | 20.3 |
Rural | 5246 | 78.2 | 6234 | 80.8 | 6253 | 87.3 | 4864 | 77.9 | 5035 | 79.7 |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Not in a union | 841 | 12.5 | 904 | 11.7 | 988 | 13.8 | 1032 | 16.5 | 1004 | 15.9 |
Married/cohabiting | 5865 | 87.5 | 6808 | 88.3 | 6171 | 86.2 | 5216 | 83.5 | 5315 | 84.1 |
Education | ||||||||||
No formal | 2115 | 31.5 | 2082 | 27.0 | 1327 | 18.5 | 893 | 14.3 | 691 | 10.9 |
Primary | 3802 | 56.7 | 4941 | 64.1 | 5222 | 72.9 | 4479 | 71.7 | 4076 | 64.5 |
Secondary and higher | 789 | 11.8 | 689 | 8.9 | 610 | 8.5 | 876 | 14.0 | 1552 | 24.6 |
Occupation | ||||||||||
Not working | 149 | 2.6 | 1552 | 20.1 | 831 | 11.6 | 534 | 8.6 | 1269 | 20.1 |
Agriculture | 4915 | 86.4 | 5475 | 71.0 | 5473 | 76.5 | 4572 | 73.2 | 2510 | 39.7 |
Formal employment | 624 | 11.0 | 685 | 8.9 | 855 | 11.9 | 1140 | 18.3 | 2540 | 40.2 |
Wealth, quintiles | ||||||||||
Poorest | 1191 | 18.0 | 1604 | 20.8 | 1703 | 23.8 | 1542 | 24.7 | 1604 | 25.4 |
Poorer | 1587 | 24.0 | 1518 | 19.7 | 1567 | 21.9 | 1294 | 20.7 | 1241 | 19.6 |
Average | 824 | 12.5 | 1517 | 19.7 | 1419 | 19.8 | 1152 | 18.4 | 1178 | 18.6 |
Richer | 1300 | 19.7 | 1591 | 20.6 | 1289 | 18.0 | 1067 | 17.1 | 1142 | 18.1 |
Richest | 1707 | 25.8 | 1482 | 19.2 | 1181 | 16.5 | 1193 | 19.1 | 1154 | 18.3 |
ANC attendance, visits | ||||||||||
< 4 | 3452 | 51.5 | 50.85 | 50.0 | 2929 | 40.9 | 39.36 | 38.1 | 2367 | 37.5 |
≥4 | 442 | 6.6 | 7.659 | 7.0 | 1668 | 23.3 | 31.33 | 29.9 | 2102 | 33.3 |
Missing | 2812 | 41.9 | 41.5 | 40.8 | 2562 | 35.8 | 29.31 | 28.4 | 1850 | 29.3 |
Parity | ||||||||||
1 | 694 | 10.4 | 786 | 10.2 | 1173 | 16.4 | 1222 | 19.6 | 1141 | 18.1 |
2–4 | 3505 | 52.3 | 3925 | 50.9 | 3776 | 52.7 | 3617 | 57.9 | 3612 | 57.2 |
5+ | 2507 | 37.4 | 3001 | 38.9 | 2210 | 30.9 | 1409 | 22.6 | 1566 | 24.8 |
Baby’s sex | ||||||||||
Male | 3415 | 50.9 | 3923 | 50.9 | 3601 | 50.3 | 3149 | 50.4 | 3205 | 50.7 |
Female | 3291 | 49.1 | 3789 | 49.1 | 3558 | 49.7 | 3099 | 49.6 | 3114 | 49.3 |
Baby’s birth weight | ||||||||||
Average | 1591 | 23.8 | 1855 | 24.1 | 3844 | 53.7 | 4581 | 73.4 | 4839 | 76.6 |
Low birth weight | 218 | 3.3 | 207 | 2.7 | 501 | 7.0 | 600 | 9.6 | 692 | 11.0 |
Big baby | 4872 | 72.9 | 5650 | 73.3 | 2814 | 39.3 | 1061 | 17.0 | 788 | 12.5 |
Twin Status | ||||||||||
Singleton | 6542 | 97.6 | 7518 | 97.5 | 6959 | 97.2 | 6069 | 97.1 | 6151 | 97.3 |
Multiple | 164 | 2.5 | 194 | 2.5 | 200 | 2.8 | 179 | 2.9 | 168 | 2.7 |
Access to information | ||||||||||
No | 2375 | 35.4 | 1661 | 21.5 | 673 | 9.4 | 1028 | 16.5 | 1359 | 21.5 |
Yes | 4331 | 64.6 | 6051 | 78.5 | 6486 | 90.6 | 5220 | 83.6 | 4960 | 78.5 |
Partner’s education | ||||||||||
No formal | 1916 | 29.8 | 1986 | 27.1 | 1318 | 19.7 | 906 | 15.9 | 673 | 12.7 |
Primary | 3551 | 55.2 | 4409 | 60.1 | 4649 | 69.6 | 4049 | 71.2 | 3521 | 66.5 |
Secondary and higher | 961 | 15.0 | 945 | 12.9 | 715 | 10.7 | 730 | 12.8 | 1103 | 20.8 |
Region | ||||||||||
Kigali City | 837 | 12.5 | 504 | 6.5 | 750 | 10.5 | 729 | 11.7 | 731 | 11.6 |
West | 1605 | 23.9 | 1906 | 24.7 | 1805 | 25.2 | 1624 | 26.0 | 1681 | 26.6 |
East | 1533 | 22.9 | 1973 | 25.6 | 1790 | 25.0 | 1545 | 24.7 | 1512 | 23.9 |
South | 1490 | 22.2 | 2014 | 26.1 | 1771 | 24.7 | 1503 | 24.1 | 1432 | 22.7 |
North | 1241 | 18.5 | 1315 | 17.1 | 1043 | 14.6 | 847 | 13.6 | 963 | 23.9 |
Place of delivery | ||||||||||
Home/others | 4723 | 70.5 | 5429 | 70.5 | 2005 | 28.0 | 525 | 8.4 | 435 | 6.9 |
Public health facility | 1856 | 27.7 | 2169 | 28.2 | 5101 | 71.3 | 5702 | 91.3 | 5775 | 91.4 |
Private health facility | 121 | 1.8 | 98 | 1.3 | 50 | 0.7 | 18 | 0.3 | 109 | 1.7 |