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Table 3 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of GDM by the effect of BMI gain and weight gain during pregnancy

From: Relationship between gestational body mass index change and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a community-based retrospective study of 41,845 pregnant women

Model

Factors

β

OR

OR 95% C.I.

P-value

Univariate analysis

 

Early pregnancy BMI

0.123

1.131

1.122–1.139

< 0.001

BMI gain

−0.111

0.895

0.869–0.922

< 0.001

Rate of weight gain

−0.045

0.956

0.946–0.967

< 0.001

GWG evaluated by the IOM guideline

 adequate

    

 insufficient

0.193

1.213

1.093–1.347

< 0.001

 excessive

0.191

1.211

1.115–1.316

< 0.001

FG in the first trimester

0.793

2.210

2.079–2.350

< 0.001

MAP

0.034

1.034

1.030–1.038

< 0.001

Age

0.105

1.111

1.102–1.119

< 0.001

Multipara

0.102

1.107

1.034–1.186

0.004

PCOS

1.812

6.124

2.616–14.334

< 0.001

History of macrosomia

1.031

2.805

1.502–5.239

0.001

History of adverse fertility

0.355

1.427

1.308–1.556

< 0.001

Family history of diabetes

0.763

2.145

1.828–2.518

< 0.001

Habitual smoking

0.607

1.835

1.228–2.740

0.003

Multivariate analysis

Model 1

BMI gain

< 0.001

1.000

0.971–1.029

0.978

Rate of weight gain

−0.004

0.996

0.985–1.007

0.472

GWG evaluated by the IOM guideline

 adequate

    

 insufficient

0.007

1.007

0.905–1.121

0.897

 excessive

< 0.001

1.000

0.918–1.088

0.992

Model 2

BMI gain

0.030

1.030

1.000–1.061

0.050

Rate of weight gain

0.006

1.006

0.995–1.017

0.273

GWG evaluated by the IOM guideline

 adequate

    

 insufficient

−0.037

0.964

0.866–1.074

0.506

 excessive

0.027

1.027

0.943–1.119

0.537

Model 3

BMI gain

0.029

1.029

0.999–1.061

0.062

Rate of weight gain

0.006

1.006

0.995–1.018

0.290

GWG evaluated by the IOM guideline

 adequate

    

 insufficient

0.016

1.016

0.911–1.133

0.776

 excessive

0.043

1.044

0.957–1.138

0.333

  1. Weight gain was evaluated according to the IOM guidelines based on the Chinese BMI categories. It recommended the optimal rate of weight gain at the second trimester was 0.44–0.58, 0.35–0.50, 0.23–0.33, and 0.17–0.27 kg/week in the underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups, respectively
  2. Model 1: adjusted for early pregnancy BMI
  3. Model 2: adjusted for early pregnancy BMI, FG in the first trimester, and MAP
  4. Model 3: adjusted for early pregnancy BMI, FG in the first trimester, MAP, age, multipara, PCOS, history of macrosomia, history of adverse fertility, family history of diabetes, and habitual smoking
  5. Abbreviations: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, BMI Body mass index, GWG gestational weight gain, FG Fasting glucose, MAP Mean arterial pressure, PCOS Polycystic ovarian syndrome