Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population

n (%)

37,588 (89.8)

4257 (10.2)

Age, year

27.44 (4.05)

29.26 (4.15)

<  0.001

Height, cm

162.76 (4.79)

162.40 (4.98)

< 0.001

Weight at the first trimester, kg

59.64 (10.39)

64.65 (11.92)

< 0.001

BMI at the first trimester, kg/m²

22.49 (3.64)

24.49 (4.21)

<  0.001

Weight at the second trimester, kg

66.52 (10.36)

71.16 (11.67)

<  0.001

BMI at the second trimester, kg/m²

22.49 (3.64)

24.49 (4.21)

<  0.001

BMI gain, kg/m²

2.60 (1.07)

2.47 (1.14)

<  0.001

Rate of weight gain at the second trimester, kg/week

0.53 (0.24)

0.50 (0.25)

< 0.001

FG at the first trimester, mmol/L

4.76 (0.49)

4.96 (0.56)

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

106.28 (10.31)

109.02 (10.84)

<  0.001

DBP, mmHg

68.97 (7.54)

70.89 (7.98)

<  0.001

 MAP, mmHg

81.40 (7.95)

83.60 (8.43)

< 0.001

Multipara

10,888 (29.0%)

1324 (31.1%)

0.004

PCOS

13 (0.0%)

9 (0.2%)

<  0.001

History of macrosomia

41 (0.1%)

13 (0.3%)

0.001

History of adverse fertility

4536 (12.1%)

697 (16.4%)

<  0.001

Family history of diabetes

814 (2.2%)

193 (4.5%)

< 0.001

Habitual smoking (one or more cigarettes/day)

140 (0.4%)

29 (0.7%)

0.001