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Table 1 Perinatal demographic status, prevalence and mortality rates of preterm and non-preterm cohorts with or without hospitalization of all livebirths

From: Perinatal Risks of Neonatal and Infant Mortalities in a Sub-provincial Region of China: A Livebirth Population-based Cohort Study

 

Preterm

Non-Preterma

    
 

Hospitalizationb

Non-hospitalization

Hospitalizationb

Non-hospitalization

Total

P1

P2

P3

Total livebirthsc

1941 (3.3)

573 (1.0)

6019 (10.2)

50,523 (85.6)

59,056

   

Maternal age, y

  < 20

74 (3.8)

23 (4.0)

159 (2.6)

1706 (3.4)

1962 (3.3)

0.826

0.003

0.034

 20-34

1637 (84.3)

496 (86.6)

5377 (89.3)

44,523 (88.1)

52,033 (88.1)

0.192

0.006

0.982

  >  35

230 (11.8)

54 (9.4)

483 (8.0)

4294 (8.5)

5061 (8.6)

0.107

0.211

0.184

 Rural residency

1135 (58.5)

342 (59.7)

3681 (61.2)

29,331 (58.1)

34,489 (58.4)

0.605

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Education > 9 y

846 (43.6)

290 (50.6)

2074 (34.5)

19,850 (39.3)

23,060 (39.1)

0.003

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Inadequate prenatal care

1011 (52.1)

239 (41.7)

3078 (51.1)

20,780 (41.1)

25,108 (42.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Multipara

1171 (60.3)

370 (64.6)

3441 (57.2)

30,349 (60.1)

35,331 (59.8)

0.067

< 0.001

< 0.001

 HDP

382 (19.7)

82 (14.3)

399 (6.6)

2030 (4.0)

2893 (4.9)

0.004

< 0.001

< 0.001

 GDM

100 (5.2)

29 (5.1)

150 (2.5)

624 (1.2)

903 (1.5)

0.931

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Anemia

247 (12.7)

66 (11.5)

928 (15.4)

3209 (6.4)

4450 (7.5)

0.442

< 0.001

< 0.001

 PROM

660 (34.0)

160 (27.9)

631 (10.5)

3775 (7.5)

5226 (8.6)

0.006

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Placenta

198 (10.2)

26 (4.5)

149 (2.5)

535 (1.1)

908 (1.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Umbilical cord

162 (8.3)

13 (2.3)

522 (8.7)

1370 (2.7)

2067 (3.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Antenatal steroids

908 (46.8)

173 (30.2)

29 (0.5)

44 (0.1)

1154 (2.0)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Fetal distress

23 (1.2)

9 (1.6)

82 (1.4)

572 (1.1)

686 (1.2)

0.469

0.114

0.159

 Cesarean delivery

1169 (60.2)

340 (59.3)

2996 (49.8)

27,538 (54.5)

32,043 (54.3)

0.702

< 0.001

< 0.001

 AF contamination

154 (7.9)

37 (6.5)

805 (13.4)

6635 (13.1)

7631 (12.9)

0.241

0.600

0.012

 Multiple births

390 (20.1)

150 (26.2)

159 (2.6)

560 (1.1)

1259 (2.1)

0.002

< 0.001

< 0.001

 GA 25-27 (week)

40 (2.1)

14 (2.4)

–

–

54 (0.1)

0.579

–

–

 28-31

241 (12.4)

24 (4.2)

–

–

265 (0.5)

< 0.001

–

–

 32-36

1660 (85.5)

535 (93.4)

–

–

2195 (3.7)

< 0.001

–

–

 37-38

–

–

1900 (31.6)

11,016 (21.8)

12,916 (21.9)

–

< 0.001

–

 39-41

–

–

4076 (67.7)

38,922 (77)

42,998 (72.8)

–

< 0.001

–

  >  42

–

–

43 (0.7)

585 (1.2)

628 (1.1)

–

0.002

–

 BW < 1000 (g)

20 (1.0)

14 (2.4)

0

0

34 (0.1)

0.010

–

–

 1000-1499

177 (9.1)

15 (2.6)

6 (0.1)

14 (0.03)

212 (0.4)

< 0.001

0.050

< 0.001

 1500-2499

942 (48.5)

128 (22.3)

213 (3.5)

319 (0.6)

1602 (2.7)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 2500-3999

785 (40.4)

406 (70.9)

5064 (84.1)

42,851 (84.8)

49,106 (83.2)

< 0.001

0.165

< 0.001

  >  4000

17 (0.9)

10 (1.7)

736 (12.2)

7339 (14.5)

8102 (13.7)

0.076

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Low BW

1139 (58.7)

157 (27.4)

219 (3.6)

333 (0.7)

1848 (3.1)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 SGA

103 (5.3)

23 (4.0)

311 (5.2)

2084 (4.1)

2521 (4.3)

0.213

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Male

1088 (56.1)

329 (57.4)

3415 (56.7)

26,750 (52.9)

31,582 (53.5)

0.563

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Apgar 1 min < 7

575 (29.6)

65 (11.3)

571 (9.5)

246 (0.5)

1457 (2.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Apgar 5 min < 7

167 (8.6)

36 (6.3)

164 (2.7)

57 (0.1)

424 (0.7)

0.073

< 0.001

< 0.001

 DR resuscitation

347 (17.9)

88 (15.4)

270 (4.5)

1193 (2.4)

1898 (3.2)

0.161

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Intubation

21 (1.1)

4 (0.7)

30 (0.5)

58 (0.1)

113 (0.2)

0.416

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Chest compression

32 (1.6)

5 (0.9)

31 (0.5)

36 (0.1)

104 (0.2)

0.175

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Adrenaline

14 (0.7)

1 (0.2)

20 (0.3)

9 (0.02)

44 (0.1)

0.135

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Congenital anomalies

159 (8.2)

14 (2.4)

413 (6.9)

204 (0.4)

790 (1.3)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 In-hospital mortalityd

89 (4.6)

–

79 (1.3)

–

168 (0.3)

–

–

–

 Out-of-hospital mortalitye

4 (0.2)

3 (0.5)

30 (0.5)

51 (0.1)

88 (0.2)

0.012

0.014

0.004

 Deaths at DR

–

27 (4.7)

–

8 (0.02)

35 (0.1)

–

–

–

 Neonatal mortalityf

82 (4.2)

27 (4.7)

84 (1.4)

20 (0.04)

213 (0.4)

0.615

< 0.001

< 0.001

 0-6 PND (early)

55 (2.8)

27 (4.7)

55 (0.9)

16 (0.03)

153 (0.3)

0.026

< 0.001

< 0.001

 7-27 PND (late)

27 (1.4)

0

29 (0.5)

4 (0.01)

60 (0.1)

0.005

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Postneonatal mortalityg

11 (0.6)

3 (0.5)

25 (0.4)

39 (0.1)

78 (0.1)

0.903

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Infant mortalityh

93 (4.8)

30 (5.2)

109 (1.8)

59 (0.1)

291 (0.5)

0.665

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: HDP Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, GDM Gestational diabetes of mellitus, PROM Prelabor rupture of membrane, PROM Prelabor rupture of membrane, AF Amniotic fluid, BW Birthweight, GA Gestational age, SGA Small for gestational age, DR Delivery room, PND Postnatal days
  2. Values are given as n (%), referring to all livebirths in respective columns unless otherwise stated. P values are the probability between the cohorts of preterm (P1) and non-preterm (P2) livebirths with and without hospitalization by Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests; or between the cohorts with and without hospitalization of all livebirths (P3) with the adjustment of preterm by Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests
  3. a. Non-preterm denotes term and post-term
  4. b. Hospitalization refers to admitted infants in any neonatal wards or neonatal intensive care units (NICU)
  5. c. Rate (%) in parentheses refers to total livebirths (59056)
  6. d. In-hospital mortality includes all deaths during hospitalization in any neonatal wards or NICU (excluding deaths at DR)
  7. e. Out-of-hospital mortality includes infant deaths after discharged from, as well as deaths without admission to, neonatal ward or NICU during infant period (excluding deaths at DR)
  8. f. Neonatal mortality includes deaths of livebirth during 0-27 PND (including deaths at DR)
  9. g. Postneonatal mortality includes deaths of livebirth during 28-364 PND
  10. h. Infant mortality includes all deaths of livebirth during 0-364 PND