Table 2 Studies reporting associations between IPV during pregnancy and child health (with adjustment of confounders)
Author and year | Country | Sample size (n) and setting | Outcome | Association with outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Prospective cohort studies | ||||
  Dolatian, Mahmoodi [28] | Iran | 400 | Birthweight | IPV has indirect effect on birthweight in the path analysis of the model: B= − 0.016 |
  Nguyen, Ngo [29] | Vietnam | 1,276 | Low birthweight and gestational age | • Physical IPV significantly associated with higher odd of preterm birth: aOR = 5.5 (2.1–14.1). • Physical IPV significantly associated with higher odd of low birth weight: aOR = 5.7 (2.2–14.9). |
  Ribeiro, Batista [30] | Brazil | 1,146 | Breastfeeding | The higher HR of not being breastfed within the first year of life was significantly associated with: • Violence (by partners/family members) before/during pregnancy increased: HR = 1.39 (1.03–1.88) • Recurrent physical/emotional/sexual violence during pregnancy: HR = 1.46 (1.11–1.92) |
Cross sectional studies | ||||
  Laelago, Belachew [37] | Ethiopia | 183 Inpatient | Low birth weight | All IPV: aOR = 14.3 (5.1–40.7) |
  Lobato, Reichenheim [8] | Brazil | 810 Outpatient | Intrauterine growth restriction | Psychological IPV: aOR = 1.15 (1.07–1.23) |
  Kana, Safiyan [36] | Nigeria | 293 Outpatient | Low birth weight | Physical, psychological and sexual IPV were all significantly associated to higher risk. |
Case control study | ||||
  Wondimye, Bezatu [45] | Ethiopia | 103 cases and 412 controls Community-based | Neonatal mortality | • Sexual violence during pregnancy increased the risk of outcome: aOR = 3.20 (1.09–9.33). • Psychological and physical violence during pregnancy were not significantly associated. |