From: Decomposing maternal socioeconomic inequalities in Zimbabwe; leaving no woman behind
 | Skilled Birth Attendance | Antenatal Care | Postnatal Care | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic Characteristics | Odds Ratio [Conf. Interval2] | Standard Error | Odds Ratio [Conf. Interval] | Standard Error | Odds Ratio [Conf. Interval] | Standard Error |
Women age groups | ||||||
 15-24 years | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 25-34 years | 2.32a [1.28 4.20] | 0.70 | 1.06 [0.82 1.38] | 0.14 | 1.17 [0.88 1.55] | 0.17 |
 35-44 years | 4.65a [2.10 10.29] | 1.89 | 1.26 [0.89 1.80] | 0.23 | 1.51b [1.03 2.21] | 0.30 |
 45-49 years | 2.57 [0.33 20.01] | 2.69 | 1.56 [0.64 3.82] | 0.71 | 1.21 [0.52 2.81] | 0.52 |
Residence status | ||||||
 Urban | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Rural | 0.64 [0.27 1.49] | 0.28 | 2.25a [1.55 3.27] | 0.43 | 1.06 [0.72 1.57] | 0.21 |
Women’s education | ||||||
 No education | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Primary | 0.08b [0.01 0.82] | 0.10 | 0.78 [0.35 1.76] | 0.32 | 0.92 [0.42 2.00] | 0.36 |
 Secondary | 0.12 [0.01 1.19] | 0.14 | 0.60 [0.27 1.37] | 0.25 | 1.28 [0.58 2.82] | 0.52 |
 Tertiary | 0.32 [0.00 33.69] | 0.76 | 0.80 [0.29 2.18] | 0.41 | 2.06 [0.74 5.70] | 1.07 |
Partner’s education | ||||||
 No education | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Primary | 5.17b [1.17 22.77] | 3.91 | 0.77 [0.31 1.91] | 0.36 | 0.55 [0.23 1.34] | 0.25 |
 Secondary | 4.30b [1.00 18.73] | 3.23 | 0.68 [0.27 1.68] | 0.31 | 0.59 [0.24 1.43] | 0.27 |
 Tertiary | 8.01b [1.02 62.81] | 8.42 | 0.75 [0.28 2.00] | 0.38 | 0.55 [0.21 1.48] | 0.28 |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
 Poorest | Ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Poorer | 1.07 [0.61 1.86] | 0.30 | 0.97 [0.74 1.26] | 0.13 | 0.88 [0.67 1.16] | 0.12 |
 Middle | 0.56 [0.30 1.08] | 0.19 | 1.40b [1.03 1.90] | 0.22 | 1.21 [0.87 1.67] | 0.20 |
 Richer | 0.20a [0.08 0.50] | 0.09 | 1.17 [0.78 1.76] | 0.24 | 0.90 [0.59 1.37] | 0.20 |
 Richest | 0.64 [0.16 2.66] | 0.47 | 2.36a [1.39 3.99] | 0.63 | 0.97 [0.55 1.73] | 0.29 |
Household head sex | ||||||
 Male | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Female | 0.49a [0.32 0.74] | 0.10 | 0.89 [0.74 1.07] | 0.08 | 0.97 [0.79 1.20] | 0.10 |
Employment status | ||||||
 Unemployed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Employed | 0.67a [0.45 1.00] | 0.14 | 1.10 [0.92 1.31] | 0.10 | 1.26b [1.03 1.53] | 0.13 |
Delivery place | ||||||
 Home | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Public hospitals | 13.73a [7.67 24.58] | 4.08 | 2.27a [1.74 2.95] | 0.31 | 2.89a [2.19 3.80] | 0.41 |
 Public clinics | 17.44a [9.47 32.12] | 5.43 | 1.90a [1.47 2.45] | 0.25 | 3.76a [2.86 4.95] | 0.53 |
 Private hospitals/clinics | 17.03b [1.08269.45] | 23.99 | 7.64a [3.64 16.05] | 2.89 | 1.87b [1.08 3.21] | 0.52 |
 Mission hospitals/clinics | 45.71a [5.64370.37] | 48.79 | 2.88a [1.89 4.37] | 0.62 | 2.17a [1.46 3.24] | 0.44 |
Antenatal care | ||||||
 Less than 4 ANC visits | ref | ref |  |  | ref | ref |
 At least 4 ANC visits | 100.06a [45.84218.41] | 39.85 |  |  | 1.30b [1.02 1.66] | 0.16 |
Postnatal care | ||||||
 Not receive PNC | Ref | ref | ref | ref |  |  |
 Received PNC | 4.65a [3.10 6.96] | 0.96 | 1.30b [1.02 1.65] | 0.16 |  |  |
Birth order | ||||||
 1st | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 2nd | 0.95 [0.48 1.87] | .3276241 | 0.89 [0.67 1.18] | 0.13 | 0.62a [0.45 0.85] | 0.10 |
 3rd | 0.55 [0.25 1.19] | 0.22 | 0.82 [0.60 1.13] | 0.14 | 0.70b [0.48 1.01] | 0.13 |
 4+ | 0.20a [0.09 0.45] | 0.08 | 0.73 [0.51 1.03] | 0.13 | 0.59a [0.40 0.87] | 0.12 |
Distance to health facility | ||||||
 Not a big problem | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 A big problem | 1.27 [0.81 1.98] | 0.29 | 1.03 [0.84 1.25] | 0.10 | 1.02 [0.82 1.27] | 0.11 |
Radio access | ||||||
 Not at all | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Less than once a week | 1.07 [0.64 1.80] | 0.28 | 0.79b [0.63 1.00] | 0.09 | 1.42a [1.08 1.85] | 0.19 |
 At least once a week | 2.00a [1.25 3.21] | 0.48 | 1.00 [0.82 1.23] | 0.11 | 1.21 [0.97 1.50] | 0.14 |
Television access | ||||||
 Not at all | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Less than once a week | 1.68 [0.82 3.46] | 0.62 | 1.48a [1.11 1.98] | 0.22 | 1.20 [0.86 1.67] | 0.20 |
 At least once a week | 1.21 [0.65 2.27] | 0.3 | 1.28b [0.99 1.66] | 0.17 | 1.04 [0.77 1.41] | 0.16 |
Skilled birth attendance | ||||||
 Did not receive SBA |  |  | ref | ref | ref | ref |
 Received SBA |  |  | 80.68a [38.47169.18] | 30.48 | 4.82a [3.38 6.88] | 0.87 |