Table 1 Maternal health utilisation by socio-demographic characteristics
From: Decomposing maternal socioeconomic inequalities in Zimbabwe; leaving no woman behind
Socio-demographic | SBAa utilisation N (%) | Chi-square | ANCb utilisation N (%) | Chi-square | PNCc utilisation N (%) | Chi-square |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women age groups | ||||||
 15-24 years | 1348 (30.46) | 0.91 | 1070 (29.67) | 0.03 | 1208 (30.33) | 0.41 |
 25-34 years | 2163 (48.89) | 1769 (49.04) | 1944 (48.82) | |||
 35-44 years | 868 (19.61) | 728 (20.20) | 791 (19.87) | |||
 45-49 years | 45 (1.04) | 39 (1.09) | 38 (0.98) | |||
Residence status | ||||||
 Urban | 1515 (34.24) | 0.00 | 1226 (34.01) | 0.00 | 1382 (34.72) | 0.00 |
 Rural | 2909 (65.76) | 2380 (65.99) | 2600 (65.28) | |||
Women’s education | ||||||
 No education | 48 (1.11) | 0.00 | 41 (1.14) | 0.00 | 40 (1.02) | 0.00 |
 Primary | 1278 (28.88) | 1050 (29.12) | 1109 (27.85) | |||
 Secondary | 2845 (64.30) | 2287 (63.41) | 2595 (65.16) | |||
 Tertiary | 252 (5.72) | 228 (6.33) | 237 (5.97) | |||
Partner’s education | ||||||
 No education | 40 (1.09) | 0.00 | 35 (1.15) | 0.00 | 38 (1.15) | 0.00 |
 Primary | 776 (20.80) | 641 (20.93) | 670 (19.96) | |||
 Secondary | 2561 (68.64) | 2074 (67.63) | 2329 (69.31) | |||
 Tertiary | 353 (9.47) | 315 (10.29) | 322 (9.58) | |||
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
 Poorest | 909 (20.55) | 0.00 | 723 (20.07) | 0.00 | 794 (19.95) | 0.00 |
 Poorer | 818 (18.50) | 648 (17.98) | 719 (18.07) | |||
 Middle | 764 (17.28) | 652 (18.08) | 703 (17.67) | |||
 Richer | 1068 (24.15) | 828 (22.98) | 988 (24.82) | |||
 Richest | 863 (19.52) | 753 (20.89) | 776 (19.50) | |||
Household head sex | ||||||
 Male | 2800 (63.28) | 0.06 | 2286 (63.38) | 0.67 | 2497 (62.71) | 0.63 |
 Female | 1624 (36.72) | 1321 (36.62) | 1485 (37.29) | |||
Employment status | ||||||
 Unemployed | 2101 (47.49) | 0.66 | 1685 (46.72) | 0.02 | 1843 (46.29) | 0.00 |
 Employed | 2323 (52.51) | 1922 (53.28) | 2139 (53.71) | |||
Delivery place | ||||||
 Home | 615 (13.92) | 0.00 | 440 (12.21) | 0.00 | 539 (13.54) | 0.00 |
 Public hospitals | 1681 (38.00) | 1393 (38.62) | 1515 (38.05) | |||
 Public clinics | 1546 (34.95) | 1244 (34.50) | 1417 (35.58) | |||
 Private hospitals/clinics | 249 (5.64) | 238 (6.61) | 222 (5.58) | |||
 Mission hospitals/clinics | 331 (7.50) | 290 (8.06) | 288 (7.25) | |||
Antenatal care | ||||||
 Less than 4 ANC visits | 825 (18.66) | 0.00 |  |  | 800 (20.11) | 0.00 |
 At least 4 ANC visits | 3599 (81.34) |  | 3181 (79.89) | |||
Postnatal care | ||||||
 Not receive PNC | 558 (12.61) | 0.00 | 425 (11.80) |  |  |  |
 Received PNC | 3867 (87.39) | 3181 (88.20) |  | |||
Birth order | ||||||
 1st | 1111 (25.12) | 0.00 | 899 (24.94) | 0.00 | 1015 (25.49) | 0.01 |
 2nd | 1122 (25.36) | 924 (25.63) | 988 (24.82) | |||
 3rd | 946 (21.40) | 772 (21.40) | 846 (21.26) | |||
 4+ | 1244 (28.12) | 1010 (28.02) | 1132 (28.43) | |||
Distance to health facility | ||||||
 Not a big problem | 2820 (63.73) | 0.00 | 2315 (64.18) | 0.00 | 2558 (64.23) | 0.00 |
 A big problem | 1605 (36.27) | 1292 (35.82) | 1424 (35.77) | |||
Radio access | ||||||
 Not at all | 1840 (41.59) | 0.00 | 1490 (41.31) | 0.01 | 1620 (40.68) | 0.00 |
 Less than once a week | 959 (21.69) | 765 (21.22) | 887 (22.29) | |||
 At least once a week | 1625 (36.73) | 1351 (37.47) | 1474 (37.03) | |||
Television access | ||||||
 Not at all | 2573 (58.14) | 0.00 | 2055 (56.97) | 0.00 | 2291 (57.53) | 0.00 |
 Less than once a week | 597 (13.51) | 501 (13.91) | 549 (13.80) | |||
 At least once a week | 1254 (28.35) | 1050 (29.12) | 1141 (28.67) | |||