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Table 2 Sample characteristics by race and ethnicity and pre-pandemic (1/1/19-2/28/20) versus pandemic (4/1/20-7/31/20) cohort

From: COVID-19 pandemic-related change in racial and ethnic disparities in exclusive breastmilk feeding during the delivery hospitalization: a differences-in-differences analysis

 

Non-Latina Black

n=1680

Latina

n=2475

Asian

n=1594

Non-Latina white

n=7855

 

Pre-pandemic n=1306

Pandemic

n=374

p-value

Pre-pandemic

n=1935

Pandemic

n=540

p-value

Pre-pandemic

n=1245

Pandemic

n=349

p-value

Pre-pandemic

n=6185

Pandemic

n=1670

p-value

Age

  

0.531

  

0.602

  

0.023

  

0.821

  <25

242 (18.5)

77 (20.6)

 

352 (1.2)

103 (19.1)

 

26 (2.1)

5 (1.4)

 

534 (8.6)

150 (9.0)

 

  25-34

707 (54.1)

191 (51.1)

 

1085 (56.1)

290 (53.7)

 

691 (55.5)

167 (48.0)

 

3187 (51.5)

867 (51.9)

 

  35+

357 (27.3)

106 (28.3)

 

496 (25.7)

147 (27.2)

 

528 (42.4)

176 (50.6)

 

2463 (39.8)

653 (39.1)

 

Insurance

  

0.523

  

0.156

  

0.327

  

0.051

  Private

696 (53.3)

218 (58.3)

 

951 (49.2)

260 (48.2)

 

1062 (85.3)

310 (88.8)

 

5440 (88.0)

1484 (88.9)

 

  Medicaid

483 (37.0)

126 (33.7)

 

802 (41.5)

246 (45.6)

 

84 (6.8)

18 (5.2)

 

314 (5.1)

81 (4.9)

 

  Medicare

26 (2.0)

7 (1.9)

 

19 (1.0)

4 (0.7)

 

17 (1.4)

1 (0.3)

 

85 (1.4)

8 (0.5)

 

  Other

48 (3.7)

11 (2.9)

 

85 (4.4)

17 (3.2)

 

68 (5.5)

17 (4.9)

 

275 (4.5)

79 (4.7)

 

  Self-pay

53 (4.1)

12 (3.2)

 

78 (4.0)

13 (2.4)

 

14 (1.1)

3 (0.9)

 

71 (1.2)

18 (1.1)

 

Parity

  

0.668

  

0.254

  

0.385

  

0.566

  Nulliparous

624 (47.8)

174 (46.5)

 

892 (46.1)

234 (43.3)

 

802 (64.4)

216 (61.9)

 

2934 (47.4)

779 (46.7)

 

  Multiparous

682 (52.2)

200 (53.5)

 

1043 (53.9)

306 (56.7)

 

443 (35.6)

133 (38.1)

 

3251 (52.6)

891 (53.4)

 

BMI

  

0.343

  

0.943

  

0.980

  

0.226

  Underweight

9 (0.7)

6 (1.6)

 

21 (1.1)

6 (1.1)

 

69 (5.5)

20 (5.7)

 

135 (2.2)

25 (1.5)

 

  Normal weight

305 (23.4)

81 (21.7)

 

479 (24.8)

133 (24.6)

 

720 (57.8)

201 (57.6)

 

2773 (44.8)

736 (44.1)

 

  Overweight

405 (31.0)

120 (32.1)

 

579 (29.9)

174 (32.2)

 

310 (24.9)

86 (24.6)

 

1964 (31.8)

557 (7.1)

 

  Class 1-2 obesity

420 (32.2)

120 (32.1)

 

659 (34.1)

174 (32.2)

 

97 (7.8)

27 (7.7)

 

1037 (16.8)

264 (15.8)

 

  Class 3 obesity

113 (8.7)

26 (7.0)

 

101 (5.2)

27 (5.0)

 

7 (0.6)

1 (0.3)

 

74 (1.2)

25 (1.5)

 

Gestational age

  

0.576

  

0.346

  

0.745

  

0.629

  37-38 weeks

432 (33.1)

116 (31.0)

 

580 (30.0)

156 (28.9)

 

355 (28.5)

108 (31.0)

 

1408 (22.8)

355 (21.3)

 

  39-40 weeks

770 (59.0)

231 (61.8)

 

1208 (62.5)

353 (65.4)

 

811 (65.1)

222 (63.6)

 

4141 (67.0)

1138 (68.1)

 

  41+ weeks

104 (8.0)

27 (7.2)

 

146 (7.6)

31 (5.7)

 

79 (6.4)

19 (5.4)

 

636 (10.3)

177 (10.6)

 
  1. BMI body mass index, Underweight BMI<18.5, Normal weight (18.5≤BMI<25), Overweight (25≤BMI<30), Class 1 or 2 obesity (30≤BMI<40), Class 3 obesity (BMI≥40). P-value for Pearson chi-square test
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