Table 1 Characteristics of participants by maternal psychological distress
|  | Total (n = 8377) n (%) | Maternal psychological distress | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None (n = 4464) n (%) | Prenatal only (n = 1198) n (%) | Postnatal only (n = 1123) n (%) | Both (n = 1592) n (%) | ||
Age at delivery | |||||
 18–29 years | 2178 (26.0) | 1021 (22.9) | 352 (29.4) | 277 (24.7) | 528 (33.2) |
 30–34 years | 3195 (38.1) | 1694 (38.0) | 457 (38.2) | 455 (40.5) | 589 (37.0) |
 35–39 years | 2305 (27.5) | 1324 (29.7) | 287 (24.0) | 323 (28.8) | 371 (23.3) |
  ≥ 40 years | 699 (8.3) | 425 (9.5) | 102 (8.5) | 68 (6.1) | 104 (6.5) |
Educational attainment | |||||
 High school or lower | 2679 (32.0) | 1316 (29.5) | 401 (33.5) | 388 (34.6) | 574 (36.1) |
 Junior or vocational college | 3264 (39.0) | 1798 (40.3) | 463 (38.7) | 421 (37.5) | 582 (36.6) |
 University or higher | 2434 (29.1) | 1350 (30.2) | 334 (27.9) | 314 (28.0) | 436 (27.4) |
Smoking status in pregnancy | |||||
 Never smoked | 5382 (64.3) | 2987 (66.9) | 747 (62.4) | 739 (65.8) | 909 (57.1) |
 Quit smoking before pregnancy | 1956 (23.4) | 1010 (22.6) | 276 (23.0) | 260 (23.2) | 410 (25.8) |
 Quit smoking after pregnancy | 899 (10.7) | 417 (9.3) | 157 (13.1) | 100 (8.9) | 225 (14.1) |
 Currently smoking | 140 (1.7) | 50 (1.1) | 18 (1.5) | 24 (2.1) | 48 (3.0) |
Maternal history of AD | 1019 (12.2) | 498 (11.2) | 158 (13.2) | 129 (11.5) | 234 (14.7) |
Paternal history of AD | 547 (6.5) | 284 (6.4) | 84 (7.0) | 68 (6.1) | 111 (7.0) |
Multipara | 4456 (53.2) | 2482 (55.6) | 559 (46.7) | 633 (56.4) | 782 (49.1) |
Maternal BMI | |||||
 < 18.5 kg/m2 | 1134 (13.5) | 583 (13.1) | 169 (14.1) | 139 (12.4) | 243 (15.3) |
 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 6232 (74.4) | 3370 (75.5) | 879 (73.4) | 838 (74.6) | 1145 (71.9) |
 ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | 1011 (12.1) | 511 (11.5) | 150 (12.5) | 146 (13.0) | 204 (12.8) |
Male | 4264 (50.9) | 2329 (52.2) | 592 (49.4) | 577 (51.4) | 766 (48.1) |
Development of AD at the age of 2 years | 1169 (14.0) | 560 (12.5) | 170 (14.2) | 172 (15.3) | 267 (16.8) |