Table 1 Maternal Baseline Characteristics by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity Status

Total N (%)

4970

3873 (78)

830 (17)

189 (3.8)

78 (1.6)

Age (years) Mean (SD)

28.5 (4.3)

30.3 (4.5)

30.4 (5.0)

31.4 (5.7)

<0.001

Marital status N (%)

 Married

3863 (99.7)

829 (99.9)

189 (100)

78 (100)

0.973

 Divorced, separated, or single

10 (0.3)

1 (0.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Highest education level attained N (%)

<0.001

 No school attended/Primary

57 (1.5)

13 (1.6)

9 (4.8)

5 (6.4)

 Secondary

1115 (28.8)

238 (28.7)

78 (41.3)

38 (48.7)

 Professional/technical training

1045 (27.0)

223 (26.9)

44 (23.3)

16 (20.5)

 University

1656 (42.8)

356 (42.9)

58 (30.7)

19 (24.4)

Occupation N (%)

<0.001

Managerial/professional/technical

1420 (36.7)

287 (34.6)

44 (23.3)

13 (16.7)

 Clerical/services/sales

1063 (27.5)

246 (29.6)

60 (31.8)

22 (28.2)

 Skilled/unskilled manual labour

555 (14.3)

114 (13.7)

35 (18.5)

13 (16.7)

 Housework

708 (18.3)

146 (17.6)

40 (21.2)

26 (33.3)

 Student/other

127 (3.3)

37 (4.5)

10 (5.3)

4 (5.1)

Smoking N (%)

1 (0.03)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.963

Gestational weight gain (until recruitment)

Mean (SD)

 Gestational weight gain (kg)

5.0 (3.0)

5.2 (2.8)

6.8 (4.4)

6.9 (4.0)

<0.001

 Average weekly gestational weight gain (kg/week)

0.2 (0.1)

0.2 (0.1)

0.3 (0.2)

0.3 (0.2)

<0.001

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

Median (IQR)

39 (38-40)

39 (38-40)

39 (38-40)

38 (38-40)

<0.001

Hypertension N (%)

8 (0.2)

1 (0.1)

4 (2.1)

3 (3.9)

<0.001

Parity N (%)

<0.001

 Nulliparous

2133 (55.1)

426 (51.3)

69 (36.5)

31 (39.7)

 Multiparous ^a

1740 (44.9)

404 (48.7)

120 (63.5)

47 (60.3)

Total N (%)

2304

1735 (75.3)

403 (17.5)

120 (5.2)

46 (2.0)

History of macrosomia

N (%)

33 (1.9)

13 (3.2)

7 (5.8)

5 (10.9)

<0.001

History of preterm N (%)

198 (11.4)

50 (12.4)

11 (9.2)

7 (15.2)

0.682

History of neonatal death N (%)

97 (5.6)

27 (6.7)

6 (5)

4 (8.7)

0.680