Table 3 Timing and type of abnormal fetal heart rate evolution patterns stratified by umbilical cord complications
Abnormal FHR on admission | Reassuring on admission | Persistent reassuring | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | P-Brady | P-NR | 1st stage of labor | 2nd stage of labor | ||||
Total | Hon | R-PD | ||||||
Umbilical cord prolapse (n = 32) | 13% (4) | 100% (4) | 0% (0) | 84% (27) | 22% (6) | 78% (21) | 3% (1) | 3% (1) |
Umbilical cord complication coexisting antenatally | ||||||||
Marginal insertion (n = 33) | 48% (16) | 63% (10) | 38% (6) | 42% (14) | 50% (7) | 50% (7) | 3% (1) | 6% (2) |
Velamentous insertion (n = 10) | 50% (5) | 0% (0) | 100% (5) | 30% (3) | 100% (3) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 20% (2) |
Multiple cord Entanglement (n = 28) | 29% (8) | 38% (3) | 63% (5) | 36% (10) | 70% (7) | 30% (3) | 18% (5) | 18% (5) |
True knot (n = 5) | 40% (2) | 0% (0) | 100% (2) | 40% (2) | 50% (1) | 50% (1) | 0% (0) | 20% (1) |
Cord constriction (n = 18) | 44% (8) | 38% (3) | 63% (5) | 50% (9) | 33% (3) | 67% (6) | 0% (0) | 6% (1) |
Hyper-coiled cord (n = 20) | 65% (13) | 31% (4) | 31% (9) | 30% (6) | 83% (5) | 17% (1) | 5% (1) | 0% (0) |
Hypo-coiled cord (n = 3) | 0% (0) | 100% (3) | 33% (1) | 67% (2) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | ||
Single Umbilical Artery (n = 7) | 29% (2) | 50% (1) | 50% (1) | 57% (4) | 25% (1) | 75% (3) | 0% (0) | 14% (1) |