Table 3 Socio-demographic, obstetric and psychological characteristics of women with and without self-identified anxiety and self-reported anxiety (EPDS-3A scores ≥6)
Self-identified anxiety | Self-reported anxiety (EPDS-3A score ≥6) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety (N = 401)a n (%) | No anxiety (N = 6351) n (%) | uOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | EPDS-3A ≥ 6 (N = 957) n (%) | EPDS-3A < 6 (N = 5795) n (%) | uOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI)b | |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||||
Age | – | – | ||||||
< 20 years | 4 (3.4) | 114 (96.6) | 0.54 (0.20–1.49) | 24 (20.3) | 94 (79.7) | 1.69 (1.07–2.67) | ||
20–29 years | 131 (5.7) | 2177 (94.3) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 368 (15.9) | 1940 (84.1) | 1.26 (1.09–1.45) | ||
30–39 years | 238 (6.1) | 3689 (93.9) | Ref | 515 (13.1) | 3412 (86.9) | Ref | ||
≥ 40 years | 28 (7.0) | 371 (93.0) | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 50 (12.5) | 349 (87.5) | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | ||
Education | – | – | ||||||
≤ 16 years | 47 (5.1) | 882 (94.9) | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) | 150 (16.2) | 779 (83.8) | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) | ||
≥ 17 years | 353 (6.1) | 5421 (93.9) | Ref | 800 (13.9) | 4974 (86.1) | Ref | ||
Ethnicity | – | |||||||
White British | 376 (6.3) | 5616 (93.7) | Ref | Ref | 840 (14.0) | 5152 (86.0) | Ref | |
BME | 22 (3.5) | 614 (96.5) | 0.54 (0.35–0.83) | 0.39 (0.24–0.61) | 100 (15.7) | 536 (84.3) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | |
Birth country | – | – | ||||||
UK | 341 (6.3) | 5043 (93.7) | Ref | 769 (14.3) | 4615 (85.7) | Ref | ||
Outside UK | 52 (4.3) | 1159 (95.7) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | 168 (13.9) | 1043 (86.1) | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | ||
Help with Englishc | – | – | ||||||
Does not need help | 394 (6.0) | 6124 (94.0) | Ref | 923 (14.2) | 5595 (85.8) | Ref | ||
Needs help | 2 (1.1) | 173 (98.9) | 0.18 (0.04–0.73) | 25 (14.3) | 150 (85.7) | 1.01 (0.66–0.55) | ||
Living with partner | – | |||||||
With partner | 354 (6.0) | 5561 (94.0) | Ref | 777 (13.1) | 5138 (86.9) | Ref | Ref | |
Without partner | 47 (5.6) | 790 (94.4) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 180 (21.5) | 657 (78.5) | 1.81 (1.51–2.17) | 1.37 (1.11–1.69) | |
Survey country | – | |||||||
England | 246 (5.9) | 3932 (94.1) | Ref | 557 (13.3) | 3621 (86.7) | Ref | Ref | |
Northern Ireland | 155 (6.0) | 2419 (94.0) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 400 (15.5) | 2174 (84.5) | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) | 1.81 (1.52–2.15) | |
Obstetric factors | ||||||||
Parity | – | – | ||||||
Primiparous | 165 (6.3) | 2440 (93.7) | Ref | 380 (14.6) | 2225 (85.4) | Ref | ||
Multiparous | 233 (5.8) | 3794 (94.2) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 555 (13.8) | 3472 (86.2) | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | ||
Planned pregnancy | – | – | ||||||
Planned | 306 (5.8) | 4936 (94.2) | Ref | 288 (19.7) | 1173 (80.3) | Ref | ||
Unplanned | 94 (6.4) | 1367 (93.6) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 661 (12..6) | 4581 (87.4) | 0.70 (1.46–1.98) | ||
Reaction to pregnancy | – | |||||||
Happy | 306 (5.5) | 5279 (94.5) | Ref | 680 (12.2) | 4905 (87.8) | Ref | Ref | |
Mixed or unhappy | 91 (8.2) | 1025 (91.9) | 1.53 (1.20–1.95) | 261 (23.4) | 855 (76.6) | 2.20 (1.88–2.58) | 1.65 (1.37–1.97) | |
Birth as expected | – | – | ||||||
As expected | 99 (4.8) | 1948 (95.2) | Ref | 254 (12.4) | 1793 (87.6) | Ref | ||
Better than expected | 144 (5.1) | 2695 (94.9) | 1.05 (1.49–2.52) | 364 (12.8) | 2475 (87.2) | 1.04 (0.87–1.23) | ||
Worse than expected | 148 (9.0) | 1506 (91.0) | 1.93 (0.81–1.37) | 310 (18.7) | 1344 (81.3) | 1.63 (1.36–1.95) | ||
Chronic condition in pregnancy | – | – | ||||||
No | 339 (5.6) | 5770 (94.4) | Ref | 837 (13.7) | 5272 (86.3) | Ref | ||
Yes | 58 (10.1) | 516 (89.9) | 1.91 (1.43–2.56) | 111 (19.3) | 463 (80.7) | 1.51 (1.21–1.88) | ||
Pregnancy complications | – | – | ||||||
No | 265 (5.5) | 4562 (94.5) | Ref | 657 (13.6) | 4170 (86.4) | Ref | ||
Yes | 126 (7.1) | 1661 (93.0) | 1.31 (1.05–1.63) | 283 (15.8) | 1504 (84.2) | 1.19 (1.03–1.39) | ||
DeliveryBirth type | – | – | ||||||
Normal vaginal | 201(5.3) | 3599 (94.7) | Ref | 495 (13.0) | 3305 (87.0) | Ref | ||
Instrumental | 64 (6.3) | 952 (93.7) | 1.20 (0.90–1.61) | 157 (15.5) | 859 (84.5) | 1.22 (1.00–1.48) | ||
Planned CS | 61 (6.9) | 822 (93.1) | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 129 (14.6) | 754 (85.4) | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | ||
Emergency CS | 387 (7.5) | 758 (92.5) | 1.44 (1.07–1.94) | 139 (17.0) | 680 (83.0) | 1.36 (1.11–1.68) | ||
NICU admission | – | – | ||||||
No | 319 (5.8) | 5191 (94.2) | Ref | 768 (13.9) | 4742 (86.1) | Ref | ||
Yes | 55 (8.2) | 620 (91.9) | 1.44 (1.07–1.94) | 116 (17.2) | 559 (82.8) | 1.28 (1.03–1.59) | ||
Physical problems PP | – | |||||||
No | 22 (2.0) | 1095 (98.0) | Ref | Ref | 91 (8.2) | 1026 (91.8) | Ref | |
Yes | 379 (6.7) | 5256 (93.3) | 3.59 (2.32–5.54) | 1.84 (1.14–2.96) | 866 (15.4) | 4769 (84.6) | 2.05 (1.63–2.57) | |
Psychological factors | ||||||||
Antenatal depression | – | |||||||
No | 333 (5.3) | 5990 (94.7) | Ref | 800 (12.7) | 5523 (87.4) | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 68 (15.9) | 361 (84.1) | 3.39 (2.56–4.49) | 127 (36.6) | 272 (63.4) | 3.98 (3.23–4.92) | 1.32 (1.01–1.73) | |
Antenatal anxiety | ||||||||
No | 240 (4.1) | 5654 (95.9) | Ref | Ref | 660 (11.2) | 5234 (88.8) | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 161 (18.8) | 697 (81.2) | 5.44 (4.39–6.74) | 3.11 (2.45-3.94) | 297 (34.6) | 561 (65.4) | 4.20 (3.57–4.94) | 2.24 (1.83–2.75) |
Fatigue 3 m PP | ||||||||
No | 3095 (97.6) | 77 (2.4) | Ref | Ref | 247 (7.8) | 2925 (92.2) | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 3256 (90.9) | 324 (9.1) | 4.00 (3.10–5.15) | (1.99 (1.50-2.63) | 710 (19.8) | 2870 (80.2) | 2.93 (2.51–3.42) | 1.71 (1.45–2.03) |
Depression 3 m PP | ||||||||
No | 153 (3.2) | 4599 (96.8) | Ref | Ref | 446 (9.4) | 4306 (90.6) | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 248 (12.4) | 1752 (87.6) | 4.25 (3.45–5.24) | 2.23 (1.76-2.81) | 511 (25.6) | 1489 (74.4) | 3.31 (2.88–3.81) | 2.54 (2.13–3.04) |
Sleep problems 3 m PP | ||||||||
No | 277 (4.6) | 5763 (95.4) | Ref | Ref | 712 (11.8) | 5328 (88.2) | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 124 (17.4) | 588 (82.6) | 4.39 (3.49–5.51) | 1.93 (1.48-2.50) | 245 (34.4) | 467 (65.6) | 3.93 (3.30–4.67) | 1.78 (1.45–2.17) |
PTSD symptoms 3 m PP | ||||||||
No | 262 (4.4) | 5755 (95.6) | Ref | Ref | 690 (11.5) | 5327 (88.5) | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 139 (18.9) | 596 (81.1) | 5.12 (4.10–6.40) | 2.25 (1.75-2.90) | 267 (36.3) | 468 (63.7) | 4.40 (3.72–5.22) | 2.14 (1.76–2.60) |