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Table 2 Unadjusted multinomial logit model showing correlates of ANC visits in Ghana from 2006 to 2017-2018

From: Trends in antenatal care visits and associated factors in Ghana from 2006 to 2018

 

2006

2011

2017-2018

<  4

4-7

8+

<  4

4-7

8+

<  4

4-7

8+

Age (years)

Base

RR [95% CI]

RR [95% CI]

Base

RR [95% CI]

RR [95% CI]

Base

RR [95% CI]

RR [95% CI]

 15-24

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 25-34

1

1.3

[0.9, 1.8]

1.9**

[1.3, 2.8]

1

1.5*

[1.1, 2.2]

2.1***

[1.4, 3.2]

1

1.2

[0.9, 1.6]

1.7**

[1.2, 2.5]

 35+

1

1.2

[0.8, 1.7]

1.5

[0.9, 2.3]

1

1.2

[0.8, 1.7]

1.1

[0.7, 1.8]

1

1.2

[0.8, 1.7]

1.3

[0.9, 2.0]

Education level

 None or pre-primary

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 Primary

1

1.0

[0.7, 1.5]

1.1

[0.7, 1.8]

1

1.2

[0.8, 1.8]

2.7***

[1.8, 4.2]

1

0.852

[0.6, 1.2]

1.298

[0.8, 2.1]

 JHS

1

2.2***

[1.5, 3.2]

3.8***

[2.5, 5.9]

1

1.9**

[1.3, 3.0]

5.8***

[3.7, 9.2]

1

1.6**

[1.1, 2.1]

2.8***

[1.8, 4.2]

 Secondary & above

1

4.0**

[1.5,11.01]

17.7***

[6.6, 47.4]

1

4.6***

[2.0, 10.6]

25.3***

[11.1, 57.5]

1

2.0**

[1.3, 3.3]

7.9***

[4.5, 13.6]

Polygyny

 Never/formerly married

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 In one union

1

1.4

[0.9, 2.2]

2.0*

[1.1, 3.6]

1

1.7*

[1.0, 2.8]

1.5

[0.9, 2.5]

1

1.6**

[1.2, 2.2]

1.8**

[1.2, 2.6]

 Have co-wives

1

1.5

[0.9, 2.4]

1.1

[0.6, 2.0]

1

0.8

[0.5, 1.4]

0.3***

[0.2, 0.6]

1

1.3

[0.9, 1.9]

0.7

[0.4, 1.3]

Wanted the last child

 Yes

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 Later/No More/others

1

0.5***

[0.4, 0.6]

0.4***

[0.2, 0.5]

1

0.7*

[0.6, 0.9]

0.6**

[0.4, 0.8]

1

0.7*

[0.5, 0.9]

0.5***

[0.4, 0.8]

Parity

 Primiparous

1

1.0

[0.7, 1.5]

1.3

[0.9, 2.0]

1

2.0**

[1.3, 3.0]

2.9***

[1.9, 4.5]

1

1.1

[0.8, 1.5]

1.7**

[1.2, 2.4]

 Double

1

1.4

[1.0, 2.1]

1.9**

[1.2, 3.0]

1

1.0

[0.6, 1.6]

1.3

[0.8, 2.0]

1

1.2

[0.9, 1.8]

1.6*

[1.1, 2.4]

 Multiparous

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

Had previous child loss

 No

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1

0.7*

[0.5, 1.0]

0.5***

[0.4, 0.8]

1

0.7

[0.5, 1.0]

0.5***

[0.3, 0.7]

1

0.8

[0.6, 1.1]

0.5***

[0.3, 0.7]

Health Insurance

 Uninsured

1

–

–

1

0.4***

[0.3, 0.6]

0.3***

[0.2, 0.5]

1

0.6***

[0.5, 0.8]

0.5***

[0.4, 0.7]

 Insured

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

Household wealth

 Poorest

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 Poorer

1

1.4

[0.9, 2.0]

1.8*

[1.1, 3.0]

1

1.0

[0.7, 1.6]

2.7***

[1.6, 4.3]

1

1.4

[1.0,2.0]

1.4

[0.9, 2.1]

 Middle

1

1.3

[0.9, 2.0]

2.2*

[1.2, 4.1]

1

2.9***

[1.5, 5.3]

8.3***

[4.1, 16.5]

1

1.4

[0.9, 2.1]

1.8*

[1.1, 2.9]

 Richer

1

2.3**

[1.4, 3.8]

7.6***

[4.2, 13.6]

1

2.7***

[1.5, 4.8]

13.4***

[7.6, 23.9]

1

2.7***

[1.7, 4.3]

5.7***

[3.5, 9.3]

 Richest

1

6.4***

[2.7, 14.8]

43.7***

[17.7, 108.0]

1

9.1***

[3.8, 21.7]

84.0***

[34.6, 203.8]

1

4.3***

[2.2, 8.4]

14.6***

[7.6, 27.7]

Urban-Rural residence

 Urban

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 Rural

1

0.5***

[0.3, 0.7]

0.2***

[0.1, 0.3]

1

0.4***

[0.2, 0.6]

0.2***

[0.1, 0.3]

1

0.6**

[0.4, 0.8]

0.3***

[0.2, 0.4]

Region of residence

 Western

1

0.7

[0.3, 1.5]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

0.6

[0.2, 2.2]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

0.7

[0.4, 1.5]

0.8

[0.4, 1.5]

 Central

1

0.6

[0.3, 1.3]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

1.3

[0.4, 4.8]

0.3

[0.1, 1.1]

1

0.8

[0.4, 1.6]

0.4*

[0.2, 0.9]

 Greater Accra

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

1

Ref.

Ref.

 Volta

1

0.6

[0.3, 1.2]

0.1***

[0.0, 0.2]

1

1.0

[0.3, 3.7]

0.2**

[0.0, 0.7]

1

0.5

[0.2, 1.0]

0.1***

[0.1, 0.3]

 Eastern

1

0.5*

[0.2, 1.0]

0.1***

[0.1, 0.3]

1

2.4

[0.5, 10.8]

0.7

[0.2, 2.7]

1

0.6

[0.3, 1.3]

0.3***

[0.1, 0.5]

 Ashanti

1

1.3

[0.6, 2.9]

0.6

[0.3, 1.4]

1

1.4

[0.4, 5.6]

0.7

[0.2, 2.3]

1

1.1

[0.5, 2.2]

0.4**

[0.2, 0.8]

 Brong Ahafo

1

1.1

[0.5, 2.5]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

1.1

[0.3, 4.4]

0.2**

[0.0, 0.6]

1

0.9

[0.4, 1.8]

0.4*

[0.182, 0.8]

 Northern

1

0.8

[0.4, 1.7]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

0.7

[0.2, 2.3]

0.1***

[0.0, 0.3]

1

0.8

[0.4, 1.5]

0.2***

[0.1, 0.4]

 Upper East

1

1.7

[0.7, 3.9]

0.8

[0.3, 2.0]

1

1.8

[0.5, 7.0]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

3.0*

[1.3, 6.9]

1.5

[0.7, 3.5]

 Upper West

1

1.3

[0.7, 2.7]

0.34**

[0.1, 0.6]

1

2.2

[0.6, 8.0]

0.2**

[0.1, 0.7]

1

1.0

[0.5, 1.9]

0.2***

[0.1,0.4]