From: Trends in antenatal care visits and associated factors in Ghana from 2006 to 2018
 | 2006 | 2011 | 2017-2018 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<  4 | 4-7 | 8+ | <  4 | 4-7 | 8+ | <  4 | 4-7 | 8+ | |
Age (years) | Base | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | Base | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | Base | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] |
 15-24 | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 25-34 | 1 | 1.3 [0.9, 1.8] | 1.9** [1.3, 2.8] | 1 | 1.5* [1.1, 2.2] | 2.1*** [1.4, 3.2] | 1 | 1.2 [0.9, 1.6] | 1.7** [1.2, 2.5] |
 35+ | 1 | 1.2 [0.8, 1.7] | 1.5 [0.9, 2.3] | 1 | 1.2 [0.8, 1.7] | 1.1 [0.7, 1.8] | 1 | 1.2 [0.8, 1.7] | 1.3 [0.9, 2.0] |
Education level | |||||||||
 None or pre-primary | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 Primary | 1 | 1.0 [0.7, 1.5] | 1.1 [0.7, 1.8] | 1 | 1.2 [0.8, 1.8] | 2.7*** [1.8, 4.2] | 1 | 0.852 [0.6, 1.2] | 1.298 [0.8, 2.1] |
 JHS | 1 | 2.2*** [1.5, 3.2] | 3.8*** [2.5, 5.9] | 1 | 1.9** [1.3, 3.0] | 5.8*** [3.7, 9.2] | 1 | 1.6** [1.1, 2.1] | 2.8*** [1.8, 4.2] |
 Secondary & above | 1 | 4.0** [1.5,11.01] | 17.7*** [6.6, 47.4] | 1 | 4.6*** [2.0, 10.6] | 25.3*** [11.1, 57.5] | 1 | 2.0** [1.3, 3.3] | 7.9*** [4.5, 13.6] |
Polygyny | |||||||||
 Never/formerly married | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 In one union | 1 | 1.4 [0.9, 2.2] | 2.0* [1.1, 3.6] | 1 | 1.7* [1.0, 2.8] | 1.5 [0.9, 2.5] | 1 | 1.6** [1.2, 2.2] | 1.8** [1.2, 2.6] |
 Have co-wives | 1 | 1.5 [0.9, 2.4] | 1.1 [0.6, 2.0] | 1 | 0.8 [0.5, 1.4] | 0.3*** [0.2, 0.6] | 1 | 1.3 [0.9, 1.9] | 0.7 [0.4, 1.3] |
Wanted the last child | |||||||||
 Yes | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 Later/No More/others | 1 | 0.5*** [0.4, 0.6] | 0.4*** [0.2, 0.5] | 1 | 0.7* [0.6, 0.9] | 0.6** [0.4, 0.8] | 1 | 0.7* [0.5, 0.9] | 0.5*** [0.4, 0.8] |
Parity | |||||||||
 Primiparous | 1 | 1.0 [0.7, 1.5] | 1.3 [0.9, 2.0] | 1 | 2.0** [1.3, 3.0] | 2.9*** [1.9, 4.5] | 1 | 1.1 [0.8, 1.5] | 1.7** [1.2, 2.4] |
 Double | 1 | 1.4 [1.0, 2.1] | 1.9** [1.2, 3.0] | 1 | 1.0 [0.6, 1.6] | 1.3 [0.8, 2.0] | 1 | 1.2 [0.9, 1.8] | 1.6* [1.1, 2.4] |
 Multiparous | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
Had previous child loss | |||||||||
 No | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 Yes | 1 | 0.7* [0.5, 1.0] | 0.5*** [0.4, 0.8] | 1 | 0.7 [0.5, 1.0] | 0.5*** [0.3, 0.7] | 1 | 0.8 [0.6, 1.1] | 0.5*** [0.3, 0.7] |
Health Insurance | |||||||||
 Uninsured | 1 | – | – | 1 | 0.4*** [0.3, 0.6] | 0.3*** [0.2, 0.5] | 1 | 0.6*** [0.5, 0.8] | 0.5*** [0.4, 0.7] |
 Insured | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
Household wealth | |||||||||
 Poorest | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 Poorer | 1 | 1.4 [0.9, 2.0] | 1.8* [1.1, 3.0] | 1 | 1.0 [0.7, 1.6] | 2.7*** [1.6, 4.3] | 1 | 1.4 [1.0,2.0] | 1.4 [0.9, 2.1] |
 Middle | 1 | 1.3 [0.9, 2.0] | 2.2* [1.2, 4.1] | 1 | 2.9*** [1.5, 5.3] | 8.3*** [4.1, 16.5] | 1 | 1.4 [0.9, 2.1] | 1.8* [1.1, 2.9] |
 Richer | 1 | 2.3** [1.4, 3.8] | 7.6*** [4.2, 13.6] | 1 | 2.7*** [1.5, 4.8] | 13.4*** [7.6, 23.9] | 1 | 2.7*** [1.7, 4.3] | 5.7*** [3.5, 9.3] |
 Richest | 1 | 6.4*** [2.7, 14.8] | 43.7*** [17.7, 108.0] | 1 | 9.1*** [3.8, 21.7] | 84.0*** [34.6, 203.8] | 1 | 4.3*** [2.2, 8.4] | 14.6*** [7.6, 27.7] |
Urban-Rural residence | |||||||||
 Urban | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 Rural | 1 | 0.5*** [0.3, 0.7] | 0.2*** [0.1, 0.3] | 1 | 0.4*** [0.2, 0.6] | 0.2*** [0.1, 0.3] | 1 | 0.6** [0.4, 0.8] | 0.3*** [0.2, 0.4] |
Region of residence | |||||||||
 Western | 1 | 0.7 [0.3, 1.5] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 0.6 [0.2, 2.2] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 0.7 [0.4, 1.5] | 0.8 [0.4, 1.5] |
 Central | 1 | 0.6 [0.3, 1.3] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 1.3 [0.4, 4.8] | 0.3 [0.1, 1.1] | 1 | 0.8 [0.4, 1.6] | 0.4* [0.2, 0.9] |
 Greater Accra | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | Ref. |
 Volta | 1 | 0.6 [0.3, 1.2] | 0.1*** [0.0, 0.2] | 1 | 1.0 [0.3, 3.7] | 0.2** [0.0, 0.7] | 1 | 0.5 [0.2, 1.0] | 0.1*** [0.1, 0.3] |
 Eastern | 1 | 0.5* [0.2, 1.0] | 0.1*** [0.1, 0.3] | 1 | 2.4 [0.5, 10.8] | 0.7 [0.2, 2.7] | 1 | 0.6 [0.3, 1.3] | 0.3*** [0.1, 0.5] |
 Ashanti | 1 | 1.3 [0.6, 2.9] | 0.6 [0.3, 1.4] | 1 | 1.4 [0.4, 5.6] | 0.7 [0.2, 2.3] | 1 | 1.1 [0.5, 2.2] | 0.4** [0.2, 0.8] |
 Brong Ahafo | 1 | 1.1 [0.5, 2.5] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 1.1 [0.3, 4.4] | 0.2** [0.0, 0.6] | 1 | 0.9 [0.4, 1.8] | 0.4* [0.182, 0.8] |
 Northern | 1 | 0.8 [0.4, 1.7] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 0.7 [0.2, 2.3] | 0.1*** [0.0, 0.3] | 1 | 0.8 [0.4, 1.5] | 0.2*** [0.1, 0.4] |
 Upper East | 1 | 1.7 [0.7, 3.9] | 0.8 [0.3, 2.0] | 1 | 1.8 [0.5, 7.0] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 3.0* [1.3, 6.9] | 1.5 [0.7, 3.5] |
 Upper West | 1 | 1.3 [0.7, 2.7] | 0.34** [0.1, 0.6] | 1 | 2.2 [0.6, 8.0] | 0.2** [0.1, 0.7] | 1 | 1.0 [0.5, 1.9] | 0.2*** [0.1,0.4] |