Table 1 Cross-tabulation between ANC visits and study variables in Ghana from 2006 to 2017-2018
From: Trends in antenatal care visits and associated factors in Ghana from 2006 to 2018
| Â | 2006 | 2011 | 2017-2018 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | <  4 | 4-7 | 8+ | n (%) | <  4 | 4-7 | 8+ | n (%) | <  4 | 4-7 | 8+ | |
Total | 1456 (100) | 389 (26.7) | 717 (49.2) | 350 (24.1) | 2873 (100) | 384 (13.4) | 1436 (50.0) | 1053 (36.6) | 3466 (100) | 519 (15.0) | 2031 (58.6) | 915 (26.4) |
Age (years) | P ≤ 0.05 | P ≤ 0.005 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 15-24 | 433 (29.7) | 31.4 | 49.6 | 19.0 | 705 (24.5) | 17.1 | 50.8 | 32.1 | 952 (27.5) | 17.5 | 60.4 | 22.1 |
 25-34 | 693 (47.6) | 23.8 | 48.7 | 27.5 | 1436 (50.0) | 10.6 | 48.0 | 41.4 | 1634 (47.2) | 13.5 | 56.8 | 29.7 |
 35+ | 330 (22.7) | 26.6 | 49.8 | 23.6 | 733 (25.5) | 15.2 | 53.1 | 31.7 | 879 (25.4) | 14.9 | 60.1 | 25.0 |
Education level | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 None or pre-primary | 537 (36.9) | 35.0 | 48.9 | 16.1 | 833 (29.0) | 22.1 | 59.5 | 18.4 | 774 (22.3) | 20.1 | 64.2 | 15.8 |
 Primary | 320 (22.0) | 34.0 | 48.2 | 17.8 | 642 (22.3) | 15.3 | 50.3 | 34.4 | 729 (21.0) | 21.1 | 57.4 | 21.5 |
 JHS | 496 (34.1) | 17.2 | 52.6 | 30.3 | 1007 (35.0) | 9.0 | 47.2 | 43.8 | 1341 (38.7) | 12.3 | 61.2 | 26.5 |
 Secondary & above | 103 (7.1) | 6.8 | 38.1 | 55.1 | 391 (13.6) | 2.9 | 37.0 | 60.9 | 622 (17.9) | 7.3 | 47.5 | 45.2 |
Polygyny | P ≤ 0.05 | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 Never/ formerly married | 165 (11.3) | 34.5 | 47.2 | 18.4 | 293 (10.2) | 15.8 | 43.8 | 40.4 | 592 (17.1) | 19.8 | 55.3 | 25.0 |
 In one union | 1027 (70.5) | 25.1 | 47.8 | 27.0 | 2112 (73.5) | 10.6 | 49.7 | 39.8 | 2331 (67.3) | 13.0 | 58.0 | 29.0 |
 Have co-wives | 264 (18.1) | 28.0 | 56.0 | 16.0 | 468 (16.3) | 24.6 | 55.2 | 20.2 | 543 (15.7) | 18.2 | 64.8 | 17.0 |
Wanted the last child | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.05 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 Yes | 884 (60.7) | 20.1 | 52.1 | 27.8 | 1630 (56.7) | 11.32 | 49.4 | 39.3 | 1711 (49.37) | 12.14 | 58.57 | 29.3 |
 Later/No More/others | 572 (39.3) | 36.9 | 44.83 | 18.31 | 1243 (43.3) | 16.1 | 50.8 | 33.1 | 1755 (50.6) | 17.8 | 58.7 | 23.6 |
Parity | P ≤ 0.05 | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.01 | |||||||||
 Primiparous | 321 (22.0) | 26.5 | 47.2 | 26.3 | 619 (21.5) | 7.3 | 47.7 | 45.1 | 791 (22.8) | 13.5 | 54.0 | 32.5 |
 Double | 301 (20.7) | 20.6 | 50.6 | 21.5 | 527 (18.3) | 13.9 | 47.4 | 38.7 | 660 (19.1) | 12.7 | 58.4 | 29.0 |
 Multiparous | 834 (57.3) | 29.0 | 49.6 | 21.5 | 1727 (60.1) | 15.4 | 51.6 | 33.0 | 2015 (58.1) | 16.3 | 60.5 | 23.2 |
Had previous child loss | P ≤ 0.05 | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 No | 1085 (74.5) | 24.5 | 49.5 | 26.0 | 2186 (76.1) | 11.9 | 48.9 | 39.2 | 2849 (82.2) | 14.1 | 57.9 | 28.0 |
 Yes | 371 (25.5) | 33.2 | 48.4 | 18.3 | 687 (23.9) | 18.0 | 5.4 | 28.7 | 617 (17.8) | 19.0 | 62.1 | 18.9 |
Health Insurance |  | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 Uninsured | – | – | – | – | 773 (26.9) | 22.3 | 47.9 | 29.8 | 1311 (37.8) | 19.6 | 58.2 | 22.3 |
 Insured | – | – | – | – | 2100 (73.1) | 10.1 | 50.7 | 39.2 | 2155 (62.2) | 12.2 | 58.9 | 28.9 |
Household wealth | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 |  | |||||||||
 Poorest | 335 (23.0) | 39.9 | 49.7 | 10.4 | 637 (22.2) | 25.7 | 61.2 | 13.1 | 747 (21.6) | 24.1 | 59.7 | 16.2 |
 Poorer | 347 (23.9) | 31.6 | 53.5 | 14.9 | 621 (21.6) | 20.8 | 51.0 | 28.2 | 694 (20.0) | 18.5 | 64.3 | 17.2 |
 Middle | 277 (19.0) | 31.0 | 51.2 | 17.7 | 568 (19.8) | 8.3 | 56.6 | 35.1 | 676 (19.5) | 17.7 | 60.7 | 21.6 |
 Richer | 286 (19.6) | 17.1 | 49.2 | 33.7 | 517 (18.0) | 7.0 | 45.0 | 48.0 | 709 (20.5) | 8.7 | 57.9 | 33.4 |
 Richest | 211 (14.5) | 4.9 | 39.0 | 56.1 | 530 (18.5) | 1.5 | 50.0 | 36.6 | 640 (18.5) | 4.7 | 49.8 | 45.5 |
Urban-Rural residence | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 Urban | 498 (34.2) | 14.5 | 47.4 | 38.0 | 1214 (42.3) | 5.9 | 44.2 | 49.9 | 1464 (42.3) | 9.7 | 54.0 | 36.3 |
 Rural | 958 (65.8) | 33.0 | 50.2 | 16.8 | 1659 (57.8) | 18.8 | 54.2 | 27.0 | 2002 (57.8) | 18.8 | 62.0 | 19.2 |
Region of residence | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | P ≤ 0.001 | |||||||||
 Western | 154 (10.6) | 29.7 | 48.3 | 21.9 | 306 (10.7) | 21.5 | 44.8 | 33.8 | 400 (11.5) | 12.4 | 43.5 | 44.1 |
 Central | 112 (7.7) | 33.0 | 45.6 | 21.4 | 279 (9.7) | 12.0 | 54.8 | 33.2 | 341 (9.8) | 14.8 | 56.8 | 28.4 |
 Greater Accra | 177 (12.2) | 15.8 | 36.4 | 47.9 | 451 (15.7) | 8.1 | 27.7 | 64.3 | 332 (9.6) | 9.8 | 46.4 | 44.0 |
 Volta | 103 (7.1) | 38.6 | 51.1 | 10.3 | 214 (7.5) | 17.4 | 57.8 | 24.8 | 285 (8.2) | 25.5 | 59.0 | 16.5 |
 Eastern | 195 (13.4) | 40.7 | 44.7 | 14.6 | 327 (11.4) | 6.8 | 55.8 | 37.3 | 402 (11.6) | 19.3 | 58.3 | 22.3 |
 Ashanti | 222 (15.2) | 17.0 | 50.4 | 32.6 | 511 (17.8) | 9.0 | 44.1 | 46.9 | 788 (22.7) | 12.9 | 65.9 | 21.3 |
 Brong Ahafo | 115 (7.9) | 24.2 | 60.1 | 15.8 | 258 (9.0) | 16.1 | 62.4 | 21.5 | 330 (9.5) | 14.5 | 60.6 | 25.0 |
 Northern | 278 (19.1) | 27.7 | 53.6 | 18.7 | 321 (11.2) | 24.9 | 56.1 | 19.1 | 388 (11.2) | 17.7 | 66.4 | 16.0 |
 Upper East | 61 (4.2) | 13.8 | 53.1 | 33.1 | 120 (4.2) | 11.2 | 71.0 | 17.7 | 112 (3.3) | 4.6 | 64.2 | 31.3 |
 Upper West | 40 (2.7) | 20.5 | 63.2 | 16.3 | 85 (3.0) | 9.7 | 74.2 | 16.1 | 88 (2.6) | 15.2 | 70.8 | 14.1 |